Chapter 23 Metabolism and energy production Flashcards
what is an exergonic reaction?
spontaneous reaction that releases free energy
energy will be found on the product side
what is an endergonic reaction?
nonspontaneous reaction or process that absorbs free
energy
energy will be found on the reactant side
what is the reaction involving food to create energy?
what do we use as energy sources? what is a common product of all three pathways?
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
acetyl coenzyme A -> energy
why must energy be released from food gradually?
if done immediately, would create energy too quickly resulting in combustion
what is the formula for chemical reactions involving energy are based on?
exergonic reactions produce _____ delta G?
endergonic reactions produce _____ delta G
what do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic don’t?
membrane-enclosed nucleus
organelles
cytoplasm
cytosol
what is involved in the linear metabolic pathway?
have varied number of steps that start with specific reactants and end with specific products that terminate the reaction sequences
what is involved with a cyclic metabolic pathway?
contain a single chemical reaction that is repeated
what is involved with a spiral metabolic pathway?
similar to cyclic, except that it does not loop on itself, but instead in a spiral
what is an example of a linear metabolic pathway?
glycolysis
what is an example of a cyclic metabolic pathway?
Kreb’s cycle (citric acid cycle)
what is an example of a spiral metabolic pathway?
synthesize or degrade large molecules or polymers like fatty acids, proteins, DNA or RNA
what is catabolism?
break down molecules to produce energy
what is anabolism?
uses energy to build large molecules from smaller pieces
what occurs in digestion?
bulk of food is catabolized in the mouth, stomach, and small intestines to yield small molecules
what occurs during acetyl-CoA production?
sugar and amino acids molecules are degraded in the cytoplasm of cells to make
fatty acid molecules are degraded in the mitochondria of cells to make
what occurs in the citric acid cycle?
acetyl-CoA is oxidized to produce CO2 and reduced coenzymes
what occurs during ATP production?
reduced coenzymes are used to make ATP within the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation phases
is this reaction exer/endergonic?
exergonic
is this reaction exer/endergonic?
endergonic
how is ATP released and stored?
Energy is stored between the bonds connecting the phosphate groups together in ATP. When the cell requires energy, the third phosphate group becomes detached from ATP, releasing energy in that bond for the cell to use
how do coupled reactions work to produce energy?
unfavorable reactions are coupled to favorable reactions so that the overall energy (excess) is released as heat
what is the coenzyme and reactant involved with the citric acid cycle?
coenzyme A
acetyl-CoA
what enzyme is involved?
what type of reaction?
exer/endergonic?
what enzyme is involved?
what type of reaction?
exer/endergonic?
what enzyme is involved?
what type of reaction?
exer/endergonic?
what is the overall result of the citric acid cycle?
reduced coenzymes: 3 NADH + 1 FADH2
2 CO2
1 GTP -> = 1 ATP
what is the net ATP of the citric acid cycle?
where does the ETC take place?
along the mitochondrial inner membrane
how does the ETC contribute to generation of ATP
reduced coenzymes donate their H+ and electrons to the ETC
energy harvested is used to push H+ from matrix to intermembrane space forming potential gradient
how does the oxidative phosphorylation contribute to the generation of ATP?
ATP synthase allows H+ back into the matrix in order to catalyze ATP formation
what is the final written reaction at the end of oxidative phosphorylation?
write the full reaction of the citric acid cycle
is catabolism ender/exergonic?
exergonic
is anabolism ender/exergonic?
endergonic
what is the value of delta g in all ATP to ADP reactions?
-7.3 kcal/mol
what is the value of delta g in all ADP to ATP reactions?
+7.3 kcal/mol
what is a name of an enzyme that implies its function within the Kreb’s cycle?
dehydrogenase causes dehydration reaction
