amine Flashcards
methamphetamine, LSD, and PCP are examples of what kind of structure?
nitrogen containing structures (amines, amides, etc.)
what is the common name nomenclature for amine?
alkylalkyl”amine” all one word
what is the IUPAC nomenclature for amine?
lose “e”
add amine
any substituents attached to N get labeled “N-alkyl”
what is the substituent name for an amine group?
-amino-
common name?
common name?
common name and IUPAC name?
common name and IUPAC name?
IUPAC name?
IUPAC name?
IUPAC name?
IUPAC name?
are amines generally acidic or basic? what is the exception?
weakly basic
ammonium salts are the exception, they are acidic
which amines are most basic, which are least? aliphatic amines, aromatic amines,
aliphatic amines > ammonia > aromatic amines
why are ammonium salts acidic?
because the nitrogen cannot donate a proton
how will amines appear in our body?
in their ammonium (charged) form:
name from highest to lowest boiling point: primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine, ammonium salt.
ammonium salt > primary amine > secondary amine > tertiary amine
do amides have good or bad odors?
bad
what physical state would you expect this to be at? is it water soluble? what type of odor?
oil at room temp
poorly water-soluble
foul odor
what physical state would you expect this to be at? is it water soluble? what type of odor?
solid at room temp
very water soluble
no odor
what type of molecules are cadaverine and putriscine? what do they smell like?
amines
rotting/decaying flesh
what is the definition of an alkaloid?
physiologically-active nitrogen-containing compound (often found in plants)
what is an example of an alkaloid?
morphine
what kind of heterocyclic nitrogen compound is found in caffeine?
purine
what does large quantities of caffeine cause?
insomnia, anxiety, dehydration
what can caffeine cause to mothers?
increased risk of miscarriage
what are withdrawal symptoms of caffeine?
headache, irritability, mild depression
what kind of heterocyclic nitrogen compound is found in nicotine?
what are withdrawal symptoms of nicotine?
restlessness, anxiety, cravings
how many compounds does nicotine contain?
4000 compounds
many are carcinogenic
how is nicotine used commercially?
as an insecticide
which Greek god are opioids named after?
Morpheus (Greek god of sleep/dreams)
what are three examples of heavy opioids?
morphine
heroin
codeine
what are prodrugs?
biologically inactive compound but is metabolized within the body to a biologically active compound
which drugs are prodrugs?
heroine and codeine
how is it that morphine and heroin are similar but heroin is more dangerous?
Blood is polar, blood-brain barrier is nonpolar, brain fluid is polar.
Morphine is more polar than heroin, so more of it remains in the blood without getting to the brain.
Since heroin is less polar, more of it can cross the nonpolar blood brain barrier and enter the brain.
what is a neurotransmitter?
a chemical messenger that transmits nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another
how does a neurotransmitter get carried to where it needs to go? explain the whole process
neurotransmitters are carried within vesicles in a presynaptic neuron. the vesicles leave and enter the synaptic cleft. they then bind to the postsynaptic neuron’s receptor sites where message is delivered and the neurotransmitter makes its way back to the presynaptic neuron or degrades itself
what are the four ways a drug can affect neurotransmitters from doing their job?
- prevent the neurotransmitter from being released
- prevent the neurotransmitter from reaching/binding to the receptor
- cause the presynaptic neuron to release more neurotransmitter
- prevent the neurotransmitter from being degraded/returned
what is the importance of preventing the neurotransmitter from being degraded/returned?
by blocking its return and preventing it from being degraded, you can have the 1 neurotransmitter bounce back and forth from its blocked path to the receptor site to send more than one signal/impulse
what are four neurotransmitters we discussed in class?
norepinephrine
dopamine
serotonin
acetylcholine
what is the function of acetylcholine?
neurotransmitter between neurons and muscle cells
what drug affects acetylcholine receptors in the brain?
nicotine (binds to them to trigger pleasure response in the brain)
what gas reacts permanently with acetylcholine receptors? what does this cause?
sarin gas
no use of muscles/paralysis
what is the amino acid used to make norepinephrine and dopamine?
tyrosine
what is norepinephrine used for within the body?
alertness, arousal, enhancing memory formation/retrieval
what does too much norepinephrine cause?
lethargy
lack of concentration,
ADHD,
depression
what does too little norepinephrine cause?
manic behavior
panic attacks
what is dopamine used for within the body?
movement
emotion
pleasure
what does too much dopamine cause?
schizophrenia
what does too little dopamine cause?
fatigue
lack of motivation
Parkinson’s disease (in severe deficiency)
can we treat Parkinson’s disease with doses of dopamine? why?
no, dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier
what drugs increase dopamine levels?
heroin
cocaine
alcohol
what happens when someone becomes a severe heroin addict?
dopamine receptors lose sensitivity and eventually they’ll need more drugs to achieve the same high
what does tyrosine make first before making dopamine or norepinephrine?
C-dopa
what amino acid makes up serotonin?
tryptophan
what is the importance of serotonin?
for mood
sleep
perception
temperature regulation
what happens if serotonin is too low?
depression
what is the most common antidepressant medication? how do they work?
SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
blocks the path back to presynaptic neuron
what is a hormone?
chemical messenger of the endocrine system
what is the example of a hormone we learned in class?
epinephrine
what does epinephrine cause to happen?
increased heart rate
increased blood pressure
increased glucose synthesis
bronchodilation
name three derivatives of this compound
amphetamine
methamphetamine
MDMA
what process does pseudoephedrine go through to make methamphetamine?
dehydration
then hydrogenation
