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Chem 005 > Chapter 22 Nucleic acid and Protein synthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Nucleic acid and Protein synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three components to a nucleotide?

A

phosphate
sugar
nitrogenous base

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2
Q

what are the two molecules that form all base derivatives?

A

purine (big)
pyrimidine (small)

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3
Q

what are the possible nucleic acids of DNA?

A

Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)

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4
Q

what are the possible nucleic acids within RNA?

A

Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U)

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5
Q

how would the nitrogenous base bond to ribose in forming this reaction? is this a nucleoside or nucleotide?

A

nucleoside

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6
Q

what is a nucleoside vs. nucleotide?

A
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7
Q

of the three things that go into making polynucleotides, what makes up the backbone?

A

phosphate group and sugar

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8
Q

how would we read this? what would be the name?

A

5’ -> 3’
5’ - CATG - 3’

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9
Q

within this picture, what are the two molecules that are physically connecting within both sets of polynucleotides? what type of bond connects them? what are the outer rings?

A

the nitrogenous bases
hydrogen bond
outer rings are the sugar-phosphate backbone

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10
Q

For DNA, what nitrogenous base pairs with which other nitrogenous base?

A

A with T
G with C

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11
Q

For RNA, what nitrogenous base pairs with which other nitrogenous base?

A

A with U
G with C
T with A

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12
Q

what is the complimentary DNA strand for this sequence?

A
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13
Q

what is the def of human genome?

A

the total DNA content of an individual

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14
Q

how many chromosomes are in the human genome?

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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15
Q

what is semiconservative replication?

A

when Parent DNA splits and each strand serves as a template for replicating a new strand

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16
Q

what is the function of DNA ligase?

A

joins together fragments of lagging strand

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17
Q

what is rRNA? used for?

A

ribosomal RNA - site of protein synthesis found in ribosomes

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18
Q

what is mRNA? used for?

A

messenger RNA - carries information from DNA to ribosomes

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19
Q

what is tRNA? used for?

A

transfer RNA - brings specific amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

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20
Q

what is the def of transcription?

A

the ordered synthesis of RNA from DNA

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21
Q

DNA unwinds to expose two strands, what are the terms associated with them? what are they each used for?

A

informational strand - not used
template strand - used for RNA synthesis

22
Q

This is an informational DNA strand, what is the template strand?

A
23
Q

using the template DNA strand, what is the complementary RNA strand?

A
24
Q

what is a codon?

A

sequence of three nucleotides (triplet) which codes for a specific amino acid

25
Q

what is hnRNA?

A

heterogenous nuclear RNA - the initial synthesized mRNA strand containing both introns and exons

26
Q

what is an exon?

A

nucleotide sequence in a gene that codes for part of a protein

27
Q

what is an intron?

A

A nucleotide sequence in mRNA that does not code for part of
a protein; removed before mRNA proceeds to protein synthesis

28
Q

what molecule excises introns?

A

spliceosome

29
Q

using this mRNA strand, and the template for amino acids given by prof, what protein is made?

A
30
Q

what is translation?

A

synthesis of proteins from RNA

31
Q

what is involved with initiation of translation?

A

begins with small ribosomal subunit and the first tRNA arriving at the start codon of the mRNA

32
Q

what is involved with elongation of translation?

A

begins as the tRNA with amino acid 2 binds to its codon at the second site within the ribosome

33
Q

what is involved with termination of translation?

A

occurs after the elongation steps have been repeated until the stop codon is reached. the ribosomal units, the mRNA and the polypeptide seperate

34
Q

what is mutation?

A

change in the nucleotide sequence in a molecule of DNA

35
Q

what is a mutagen?

A

chemical substance that alters the structure of DNA

36
Q

what is a point mutation?

A

the substitution of one nucleotide for another

37
Q

what is deletion mutation?

A

one or more nucleotides is lost

38
Q

what is an insertion mutation?

A
39
Q

what is a silent point mutation?

A

single base change that specifies the same amino acid

40
Q

what is a missense point mutation?

A

single base change that specifies a different amino acid; could result in no change/ or a huge change

41
Q

what is a nonsense mutation?

A

single base change that produces a stop codon; creates nonfunctioning proteins

42
Q

what is a frameshift mutation?

A

insertion or deletion of one or more bases where the number is not a multiple of 3, so that all triplets following the mutation are read differently
would be catastrophic

43
Q

what are insertion mutations?

A

addition of one or more bases

44
Q

what are deletion mutation?

A

loss of one or more bases

45
Q

what is recombinant DNA?

A

synthetic DNA that contains segments from more than one source

46
Q

what is PCR?

A

polymerase chain reaction - amplified a specific portion of a DNA molecule, producing millions of exact copies

47
Q

how doe PCR work?

A

polymerase chain reaction:
1. take double stranded DNA and heat it; causes it to form 2 single strands
2. add primers complimentary to the DNA sequence at either end of the DNA segment to be amplified
3. use DNA polymerase and added nucleotides to lengthen the DNA segment
(process repeats 1-3 until millions of copies have been made)

48
Q

what is a virus?

A

infectious agent consisting of a DNA or RNA molecule that is contained within a protein coating

49
Q

what is a vaccine?

A

inactive form of virus that causes person’s immune system to produce antibodies to the virus to ward off infection

50
Q

what is a retrovirus?

A

a virus with an RNA core

51
Q

what is reverse transcriptase?

A

use of viral RNA to synthesize viral DNA
viral DNA is inserted into host cell
host cell nucleus synthesizes more viral DNA

Chem 005 (17 decks)

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