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Chem 005 > Chapter 19 notes > Flashcards

Chapter 19 notes Flashcards

1
Q

what structurally makes a lipid a lipid?

A

naturally occurring molecule from a plant or animal that is
soluble in nonpolar organic solvents and insoluble in water (hydrophobic)

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

what is a hydrolyzable lipid vs nonhydrolyzable liquid?

A

means hydrolysis can occur and can break down into smaller subunits

means hydrolysis cannot occur and cannot be broken down

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4
Q

which lipids are hydrolyzable?

A

waxes
triacylglycerols
phospholipids

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5
Q

which lipids are nonhydrolyzable?

A

steroids
fat-soluble vitamins
eicosanoids

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6
Q

what makes a fatty acid?

A

carboxylic acid with 12-20 carbon chains

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7
Q

what makes a naturally occurring fatty acid?

A

contain even number of carbons
(uneven can occur but it would be unlikely)

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8
Q

what makes a saturated fatty acid?

A

zero carbon double bonds

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9
Q

what makes an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

one or more carbon double bonds

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10
Q

what kind of double bonds most likely occur in nature?

A

cis carbon double bonds

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11
Q

saturated or unsaturated? name the carbon using its Cx:x format

A

saturated
C18:0 acid

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12
Q

saturated or unsaturated? name the carbon using its Cx:x format

A

C18:1 acid

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13
Q

what type of omega fatty acid is this? saturated or unsaturated?

A

unsaturated
omega-9

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14
Q

what happens to the melting point of a fatty acid that contains zero double bonds. what happens to the melting point when double bonds are added?

A

melting point is high without double bonds and increase per the fewer carbons there are within the structure

melting point is lowered the more double bonds are added

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15
Q

what reaction is creating waxes?

A

esterification
long chain carboxylic acid + oil (long chain alcohol) -> wax (long chain ester)

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16
Q

is the double bond cis or trans?

A

double bonds are assumed to be cis unless otherwise SPECIFIED

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17
Q

triacylglycerol is an example of what kind of ester?

A

triester

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18
Q

what is the difference between simple and mixed triacylglycerols?

A
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19
Q

difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated?

A
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20
Q

difference between fats and oils?

A

fats are sourced from animal products and contain triglycerides that are solid at room temperature

oils are sourced from plant products and contain triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature

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21
Q

how many double bonds do fats contain in comparison to oils?

A

fats contain few-to-none double bonds (saturated)
oils contain one or more double bonds (unsaturated)

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22
Q

would melting point be lower or higher between saturated and unsaturated

A

the more unsaturated a product is, the lower the melting point

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23
Q

would boiling point be lower or high between saturated and unsaturated products?

A

the more unsaturated the lower the boiling point (because the bends in the double bonds make the molecule bulky and decrease surface area)

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24
Q

what is this general chemical structure called? (not the name of the molecule)

A

trans triacylglycerol

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25
Q

what are the two functional groups between triglycerides?

A

ester
alkene

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26
Q

what type of reaction is this? what is the product?

A

hydrogenation

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27
Q

what type of reaction is this? what is the product?

A

hydrolysis

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28
Q

what type of reaction is this? what is the product?

A

saponification

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29
Q

when making soap, why do we leave the glycerol in the soap structure?

A

it acts as a natural moisturizer

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30
Q

describe a soap molecule

A

carboxylate salt of a fatty acid
makes up micelle structures

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31
Q

what is a micelle?

A

a spherical structure formed by aggregation of soap molecules

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32
Q

how is it that micelles can help wash our hands?

A

hydrophobic (nonpolar) inside is able to trap clusters of oil/dirt particles while hydrophilic (polar) outside surface is able to travel within water (also polar) and be washed away

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33
Q

what are the main subunits within triacylglycerol?

A
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34
Q

what are the main subunits within phosphoacylglycerols?

A
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35
Q

what are the subunits within sphingomyelins?

A
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36
Q

what is a phospholipid?

A

lipid that contains a phosphorus atom

37
Q

How phospholipids are similar to micelles

A

both contain a polar head and nonpolar long chain regions

38
Q

where are phosphoacylglycerols commonly found?

A

principle component in cell membranes of plants and animals

39
Q

what make Sphingomyelins different than phosphoacylglycerols?

A

contains no glycerol. Backbone is sphingosine
no ester bond, the fatty acid is made of amide bond instead

40
Q

where are sphingomyelins commonly found?

A

make up myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers

41
Q

what would deterioration of myelin sheaths cause?

A

neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis

42
Q

what are the two unique bonds within the phosphoacylglycerols?

A

two ester bonds with the two fatty acids
one phosphodiester bond at terminal end

43
Q

what is the backbone of sphingomyelins? what are the two unique bonds found within the structure?

A

sphingomyelin is backbone
one amide bond between the backbone and fatty acid
one phosphodiester bond at terminal end

44
Q

what is a lipid bilayer?

A

two parallel sheets of membrane lipid molecules arranged tail-to-tail

45
Q

what is a liposome?

A

two parallel sheets of membrane lipid molecules arranged tail-to-tail forming a sphere

46
Q

what are the two types of membrane proteins?

A

peripheral
integral

47
Q

what are peripheral membrane proteins?

A

embedded within the membrane and extend outward on one side only

48
Q

what are integral membrane proteins

A

extend through the entire bilayer (show up on both sides of bilayer)

49
Q

what class of lipid is cholesterol?

50
Q

how to identify cholesterol?

A

three cyclic hex
one cyclic pent

51
Q

does simple diffusion require an integral membrane protein?

52
Q

does facilitated transport require an integral membrane protein

53
Q

does active transport require integral membrane protein? what else?

A

yes
+ energy

54
Q

what is a lipoprotein?

A

a lipid-protein complex that transports lipids (kind of like a micelle)

55
Q

what are two types of common lipoproteins?

A

LDL - low density lipoproteins
HDL - high density lipoproteins

56
Q

what is the function of LDLs?

A

transport cholesterol from the liver to tissues

57
Q

what is the function of HDLs

A

transport cholesterol from tissues back to the liver

58
Q

which is bad vs good, LDL or HDL?

A

good - HDL
bad - LDL (contains more fat- more likely to deposit and form plaque)

59
Q

how much blood cholesterol comes from dietary sources? where does the rest come from?

60
Q

what is a hormone? what class of lipid is it?

A

steroid
- molecule that is synthesized in one part of an organism,
which then elicits a response at a different site

61
Q

what are two classes of hormones?

A

sex hormones
adrenal cortical steroids

62
Q

what are two examples of sex hormones?

A

androgens
estrogens

63
Q

what are examples of adrenal cortical steroids?

A

aldosterone
cortisone
cortisol

64
Q

what is an eicosanoid?

A

a lipid derived from arachidonic acid

65
Q

what are examples of eicosanoids?

A

prostaglandins
leukotrienes

66
Q

what two enzymes synthesize prostaglandins? what functions do they trend towards?

A

COX-1: involved in usual production of prostaglandins
COX-2: responsible for synthesis in inflammatory diseases

67
Q

what is the main function of prostaglandins?

A

inflammation

68
Q

how do traditional NSAIDs work in relation to prostaglandins?

A

inactivate both COX-1 and COX-2

69
Q

how do newer NSAIDs work in relation to prostaglandins?

A

specifically target COX-2

70
Q

what is the defining structural feature of prostaglandins?

A

5 member ring (cyclic pent)

71
Q

what is the defining feature of leukotrienes?

A

three conjugated double bonds

72
Q

what is the function of leukotrienes?

A

cause smooth muscles to constrict (contributes to asthmatic response)

73
Q

how do asthma drugs work to treat asthma?

A

block synthesis of leukotrienes

74
Q

what vitamins are fat-soluble?

A

A, D, E, and K

75
Q

which is worse to overdose on, fat-soluble or water-soluble vitamins? which vitamin is the exception?

A

fat-soluble vitamins are more dangerous because they accumulate while water-soluble vitamins are easily excreted in urine
vitamin E is the exception

76
Q

what is the vitamin A essential for?

A

night vision
healthy eyes
normal development of epithelial tissue

77
Q

what are the three active forms of vitamin A?

A

retinol
retinal
retinoic acid

78
Q

how is vitamin A synthesized?

A

break down of beta carotene

79
Q

what is vitamin D essential for?

A

regulate calcium absorption and bone formation

80
Q

how is vitamin D synthesized?

A

ultraviolet light from sun strikes a cholesterol derivative in skin

81
Q

what is vitamin E essential for?

A

antioxidant; prevents breakdown of vitamin A and polyunsaturated fats

82
Q

what is vitamin K essential for?

A

to the synthesis of blood-clotting factors

83
Q

how is vitamin K synthesized?

A

by intestinal bacteria

86
Q

when making margarine, what types of bonds will form?

A

cis and trans bonds
In the process of making margarine, you will produce some trans fats due to the isomerization reaction where trans bonds are more stables

88
Q

what is the product?

A

aspirin is inactivating the enzyme responsible for production of prostaglandins and inflammation

Chem 005 (17 decks)

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