Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chem 005 > Chapter 19 notes > Flashcards

Chapter 19 notes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

what structurally makes a lipid a lipid?

A

naturally occurring molecule from a plant or animal that is
soluble in nonpolar organic solvents and insoluble in water (hydrophobic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a hydrolyzable lipid vs nonhydrolyzable liquid?

A

means hydrolysis can occur and can break down into smaller subunits

means hydrolysis cannot occur and cannot be broken down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which lipids are hydrolyzable?

A

waxes
triacylglycerols
phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which lipids are nonhydrolyzable?

A

steroids
fat-soluble vitamins
eicosanoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what makes a fatty acid?

A

carboxylic acid with 12-20 carbon chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what makes a naturally occurring fatty acid?

A

contain even number of carbons
(uneven can occur but it would be unlikely)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what makes a saturated fatty acid?

A

zero carbon double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what makes an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

one or more carbon double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what kind of double bonds most likely occur in nature?

A

cis carbon double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

saturated or unsaturated? name the carbon using its Cx:x format

A

saturated
C18:0 acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

saturated or unsaturated? name the carbon using its Cx:x format

A

C18:1 acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what type of omega fatty acid is this? saturated or unsaturated?

A

unsaturated
omega-9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens to the melting point of a fatty acid that contains zero double bonds. what happens to the melting point when double bonds are added?

A

melting point is high without double bonds and increase per the fewer carbons there are within the structure

melting point is lowered the more double bonds are added

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what reaction is creating waxes?

A

esterification
long chain carboxylic acid + oil (long chain alcohol) -> wax (long chain ester)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

is the double bond cis or trans?

A

double bonds are assumed to be cis unless otherwise SPECIFIED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

triacylglycerol is an example of what kind of ester?

A

triester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the difference between simple and mixed triacylglycerols?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

difference between fats and oils?

A

fats are sourced from animal products and contain triglycerides that are solid at room temperature

oils are sourced from plant products and contain triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how many double bonds do fats contain in comparison to oils?

A

fats contain few-to-none double bonds (saturated)
oils contain one or more double bonds (unsaturated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

would melting point be lower or higher between saturated and unsaturated

A

the more unsaturated a product is, the lower the melting point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

would boiling point be lower or high between saturated and unsaturated products?

A

the more unsaturated the lower the boiling point (because the bends in the double bonds make the molecule bulky and decrease surface area)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is this general chemical structure called? (not the name of the molecule)

A

trans triacylglycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the two functional groups between triglycerides?

A

ester
alkene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what type of reaction is this? what is the product?

A

hydrogenation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what type of reaction is this? what is the product?

A

hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what type of reaction is this? what is the product?

A

saponification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

when making soap, why do we leave the glycerol in the soap structure?

A

it acts as a natural moisturizer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

describe a soap molecule

A

carboxylate salt of a fatty acid
makes up micelle structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is a micelle?

A

a spherical structure formed by aggregation of soap molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how is it that micelles can help wash our hands?

A

hydrophobic (nonpolar) inside is able to trap clusters of oil/dirt particles while hydrophilic (polar) outside surface is able to travel within water (also polar) and be washed away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the main subunits within triacylglycerol?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are the main subunits within phosphoacylglycerols?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the subunits within sphingomyelins?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is a phospholipid?

A

lipid that contains a phosphorus atom

37
Q

How phospholipids are similar to micelles

A

both contain a polar head and nonpolar long chain regions

38
Q

where are phosphoacylglycerols commonly found?

A

principle component in cell membranes of plants and animals

39
Q

what make Sphingomyelins different than phosphoacylglycerols?

A

contains no glycerol. Backbone is sphingosine
no ester bond, the fatty acid is made of amide bond instead

40
Q

where are sphingomyelins commonly found?

A

make up myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers

41
Q

what would deterioration of myelin sheaths cause?

A

neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis

42
Q

what are the two unique bonds within the phosphoacylglycerols?

A

two ester bonds with the two fatty acids
one phosphodiester bond at terminal end

43
Q

what is the backbone of sphingomyelins? what are the two unique bonds found within the structure?

A

sphingomyelin is backbone
one amide bond between the backbone and fatty acid
one phosphodiester bond at terminal end

44
Q

what is a lipid bilayer?

A

two parallel sheets of membrane lipid molecules arranged tail-to-tail

45
Q

what is a liposome?

A

two parallel sheets of membrane lipid molecules arranged tail-to-tail forming a sphere

46
Q

what are the two types of membrane proteins?

A

peripheral
integral

47
Q

what are peripheral membrane proteins?

A

embedded within the membrane and extend outward on one side only

48
Q

what are integral membrane proteins

A

extend through the entire bilayer (show up on both sides of bilayer)

49
Q

what class of lipid is cholesterol?

A

steroid

50
Q

how to identify cholesterol?

A

three cyclic hex
one cyclic pent

51
Q

does simple diffusion require an integral membrane protein?

A

no

52
Q

does facilitated transport require an integral membrane protein

A

yes

53
Q

does active transport require integral membrane protein? what else?

A

yes
+ energy

54
Q

what is a lipoprotein?

A

a lipid-protein complex that transports lipids (kind of like a micelle)

55
Q

what are two types of common lipoproteins?

A

LDL - low density lipoproteins
HDL - high density lipoproteins

56
Q

what is the function of LDLs?

A

transport cholesterol from the liver to tissues

57
Q

what is the function of HDLs

A

transport cholesterol from tissues back to the liver

58
Q

which is bad vs good, LDL or HDL?

A

good - HDL
bad - LDL (contains more fat- more likely to deposit and form plaque)

59
Q

how much blood cholesterol comes from dietary sources? where does the rest come from?

A

25%
liver

60
Q

what is a hormone? what class of lipid is it?

A

steroid
- molecule that is synthesized in one part of an organism,
which then elicits a response at a different site

61
Q

what are two classes of hormones?

A

sex hormones
adrenal cortical steroids

62
Q

what are two examples of sex hormones?

A

androgens
estrogens

63
Q

what are examples of adrenal cortical steroids?

A

aldosterone
cortisone
cortisol

64
Q

what is an eicosanoid?

A

a lipid derived from arachidonic acid

65
Q

what are examples of eicosanoids?

A

prostaglandins
leukotrienes

66
Q

what two enzymes synthesize prostaglandins? what functions do they trend towards?

A

COX-1: involved in usual production of prostaglandins
COX-2: responsible for synthesis in inflammatory diseases

67
Q

what is the main function of prostaglandins?

A

inflammation

68
Q

how do traditional NSAIDs work in relation to prostaglandins?

A

inactivate both COX-1 and COX-2

69
Q

how do newer NSAIDs work in relation to prostaglandins?

A

specifically target COX-2

70
Q

what is the defining structural feature of prostaglandins?

A

5 member ring (cyclic pent)

71
Q

what is the defining feature of leukotrienes?

A

three conjugated double bonds

72
Q

what is the function of leukotrienes?

A

cause smooth muscles to constrict (contributes to asthmatic response)

73
Q

how do asthma drugs work to treat asthma?

A

block synthesis of leukotrienes

74
Q

what vitamins are fat-soluble?

A

A, D, E, and K

75
Q

which is worse to overdose on, fat-soluble or water-soluble vitamins? which vitamin is the exception?

A

fat-soluble vitamins are more dangerous because they accumulate while water-soluble vitamins are easily excreted in urine
vitamin E is the exception

76
Q

what is the vitamin A essential for?

A

night vision
healthy eyes
normal development of epithelial tissue

77
Q

what are the three active forms of vitamin A?

A

retinol
retinal
retinoic acid

78
Q

how is vitamin A synthesized?

A

break down of beta carotene

79
Q

what is vitamin D essential for?

A

regulate calcium absorption and bone formation

80
Q

how is vitamin D synthesized?

A

ultraviolet light from sun strikes a cholesterol derivative in skin

81
Q

what is vitamin E essential for?

A

antioxidant; prevents breakdown of vitamin A and polyunsaturated fats

82
Q

what is vitamin K essential for?

A

to the synthesis of blood-clotting factors

83
Q

how is vitamin K synthesized?

A

by intestinal bacteria

84
Q
A
85
Q
A
86
Q

when making margarine, what types of bonds will form?

A

cis and trans bonds
In the process of making margarine, you will produce some trans fats due to the isomerization reaction where trans bonds are more stables

87
Q
A
88
Q

what is the product?

A

aspirin is inactivating the enzyme responsible for production of prostaglandins and inflammation

Chem 005 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions