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Chem 005 > chapter 20 - carbohydrates > Flashcards

chapter 20 - carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a monosaccharide?

A

carbohydrate with 3-7 carbon atoms

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2
Q

what is an aldose?

A

monosaccharide with aldehyde functional group

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3
Q

what is a ketose?

A

monosaccharide with ketone functional group

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4
Q

what are the two common aldohexose?

A

glucose
galactose

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5
Q

what is the common ketohexose?

A

fructose

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6
Q

what is another name for glucose?

A

“blood sugar”

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7
Q

what was glucose originally mistaken for?

A

hydrate of carbon

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8
Q

what types of polysaccharides does glucose help make up?

A

starch
cellulose
glycogen

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9
Q

Glucose is a ____________ of many common polysaccharides

A

monomer

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10
Q

how does glucose move around the body? is it slow or quick energy?

A

blood stream
quick energy

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11
Q

what is normal range of blood glucose levels?

A

70 - 110 mg/dL

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12
Q

what is excess glucose converted into?

A

glycogen or fat

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13
Q

where is galactose commonly found?

A

cellular membranes of brain/nervous system

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14
Q

what two subunits form lactose?

A

glucose + galactose

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15
Q

what is galactosemia? what can it cause? what is the treament?

A

lack enzyme to metabolize galactose causing galactose build up
cataracts, cirrhosis, and mental retardation
avoid lactose-containing milk products

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16
Q

what is the main characteristic of fructose?

A

it is the sweetest carbohydrate

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17
Q

what subunits form sucrose?

A

glucose + fructose

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18
Q

what is another name for sucrose?

A

table sugar

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19
Q

where is fructose commonly found?

A

honey and some fruits

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20
Q

what is this monosaccharide in general terms?

A

aldohexose

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21
Q

what is this monosaccharide in general terms?

A

aldopentose

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22
Q

what is this monosaccharide in general terms?

A

ketohexose

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23
Q

what is this monosaccharide in general terms?

A

aldotriose

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24
Q

are monosaccharides chiral or achiral?

A

chiral

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25
Q

enantiomers vs diastereomer

A
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26
Q

do diastereomers have 1 chiral carbon or more than 1?

A

must have more than 1

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27
Q

make D-glucose into its alpha/beta hemiacetal Haworth projection version

A
28
Q

D-glucose exists between both cyclic versions and its open-chain structure, which is it most likely to exist as?

A
29
Q

what is the process of molecule existing as both its hemiacetal versions and its open-chain version?

A

mutarotation

30
Q

what does a glycosidic formation require?

A

hemiacetal + alcohol + catalyst -> acetal + water

31
Q

what is the product? what is the name of the type of glycosidic bond?

A

alpha glycosidic bond

32
Q

what is this type of reaction? products?

A

polysaccharide hydrolysis

33
Q

what type of reaction? what is the product?

A

Phosphorylation

34
Q

what is a reducing sugar?

A

a carbohydrate that reacts in basic solution with a mild oxidizing agent (requires an aldehyde/ hemiacetal functional group)

35
Q

can nonreducing sugars be oxidized?

A

no

36
Q

are ketoses reducing sugars?

A

yes, they tautomerize to aldoses

37
Q

what type of reaction? what is the product?

A

oxidation reaction

38
Q

this is a maltose structure. is it alpha or beta maltose?

A

alpha-maltose

39
Q

is maltose a reducing sugar?

A

yes

40
Q

is lactose a reducing structure?

A

yes

41
Q

is sucrose a reducing sugar? why?

A

no, it does not have a hemiacetal functional group

42
Q

what type of glycosidic bond?

A
43
Q

what type of glycosidic bond does alpha maltose have?

A

alpha-1,4

44
Q

what type of glycosidic bond?

A

beta-1,4

45
Q

what is a polysaccharide?

A

polymer composed of many monosaccharides

46
Q

which organism is the only able to digest cellulose? how?

A

termites
with the help of bacteria in their gut

47
Q

is cellulose a reducing sugar

A

no, because only one end of very many subunits will react with Fehling’s test. Not enough to produce a visible positive result

48
Q

what are amylose and amylopectin examples of?

A

starches

49
Q

what percent is amylose and amylopectin found in?

A

amylose - 20% of starch
amylopectin - 80% of starch

50
Q

is amylose soluble in water?

A

yes, somewhat

51
Q

what is difference between amylose and amylopectin?

A

amylose is made up of many glucose subunits and alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds
amylopectin is made up of many glucose subunits and alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds, but contains alpha-1,6 branches every 25 subunits

52
Q

is amylopectin soluble in water?

A

no

53
Q

what is the most abundant polysaccharide? second-most?

A

cellulose
chitin

54
Q

what is chitin?

A

a carbohydrate derivative made up of poly glucosamine

55
Q

where is chitin commonly found?

A

shell of lobster, beetle, spider

56
Q

what are glycoproteins?

A

a protein that contains a short carbohydrate chain (oligosaccharide chain)

57
Q

where can glycoproteins be found?

A

attached to proteins

58
Q

how is blood type determined?

A

based on what monosaccharides are attached to the membrane protein of red blood cells

59
Q

type A has what monosaccharide is attached?

A
60
Q

type B blood has what monosaccharide attached?

A
61
Q
A
62
Q

draw Haworth projection of beta-D-galactose

A
63
Q

what is the relationship between alpha and beta monosaccharides?

A

they are anomers

64
Q

what is the process of a cyclic alpha going to open chain form, then to beta or back again?

A

mutarotation

65
Q

draw beta-L-galactose

A

Chem 005 (17 decks)

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