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EMT > Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

Acute Abdomen

A

Severe abdominal pain with various causes.

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2
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Space below diaphragm, above pelvis.

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3
Q

Peritoneum

A

Lining of the abdominal cavity.

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4
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

A

Innermost layer, contacts abdominal organs.

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5
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

A

Outer layer of the peritoneum.

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6
Q

Serous Fluid

A

Lubricates space between peritoneum layers.

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7
Q

Intraperitoneal Organs

A

Organs enclosed by visceral peritoneum.

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8
Q

Retroperitoneal Space

A

Area behind the peritoneal space.

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9
Q

Abdominal Aorta

A

Major artery located in retroperitoneal space.

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10
Q

Abdominal Quadrants

A

Divisions of the abdomen using the umbilicus.

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11
Q

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

A

Contains stomach, spleen, pancreas, large intestine.

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12
Q

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

A

Contains liver, gallbladder, large intestine.

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13
Q

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

A

Contains appendix and reproductive organs.

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14
Q

Abdominal Regions

A

Nine regions for detailed abdominal assessment.

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15
Q

Umbilicus

A

Central reference point for abdominal quadrants.

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16
Q

Thoracic Conditions

A

Conditions affecting heart/lungs perceived as abdominal pain.

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17
Q

Trauma to Abdomen

A

Injuries can be serious due to organ proximity.

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18
Q

Hollow Organs

A

Organs like stomach and intestines in abdomen.

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19
Q

Solid Organs

A

Organs like liver and spleen in abdomen.

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20
Q

Assessment Techniques

A

Methods to evaluate abdominal pain causes.

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21
Q

Mechanisms of Injury

A

Understanding injury types affecting abdominal organs.

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22
Q

Vital Organs

A

Essential organs protected by body cavities.

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23
Q

Abdominal Pain Causes

A

Variety of systems can cause abdominal pain.

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24
Q

Appendix

A

Worm-shaped structure from large intestine’s beginning.

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25
Q

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

A

Contains part of large intestine and female organs.

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26
Q

Abdominal Regions

A

Nine regions divided by four imaginary lines.

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27
Q

Right Hypochondriac Region

A

Upper right region of the abdomen.

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28
Q

Epigastric Region

A

Upper middle region above the umbilicus.

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29
Q

Left Hypochondriac Region

A

Upper left region of the abdomen.

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30
Q

Right Lumbar Region

A

Middle right region of the abdomen.

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31
Q

Umbilical Region

A

Central region around the navel.

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32
Q

Left Lumbar Region

A

Middle left region of the abdomen.

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33
Q

Right Iliac Region

A

Lower right region of the abdomen.

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34
Q

Hypogastric Region

A

Lower middle region below the umbilicus.

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35
Q

Left Iliac Region

A

Lower left region of the abdomen.

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36
Q

Hollow Organs

A

Organs that can leak substances if injured.

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37
Q

Solid Organs

A

Vascular organs that bleed when ruptured.

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38
Q

Vascular Structures

A

Large blood vessels in the abdominal cavity.

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39
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation caused by leaking substances.

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40
Q

Abdominal Aorta

A

Major artery supplying blood to abdomen.

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41
Q

Inferior Vena Cava

A

Major vein returning blood to the heart.

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42
Q

Stomach

A

Saclike organ for food digestion and absorption.

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43
Q

Duodenum

A

First part of the small intestine.

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44
Q

Small Intestine

A

Absorbs nutrients from digested food.

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45
Q

Large Intestine

A

Reabsorbs fluids and excretes solid waste.

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46
Q

Liver

A

Filters nutrients, stores glucose, and produces bile.

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47
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile for fat digestion.

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48
Q

Spleen

A

Organ that filters blood and supports immune function.

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49
Q

Spleen

A

Organ aiding blood cell production and filtering.

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50
Q

Pancreas

A

Gland regulating digestion and carbohydrate metabolism.

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51
Q

Kidneys

A

Retroperitoneal organs excreting urine and regulating balance.

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52
Q

Urinary Bladder

A

Reservoir for urine from the kidneys.

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53
Q

Abdominal Pain

A

Key symptom indicating abdominal organ emergencies.

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54
Q

Pathophysiology of Abdominal Pain

A

Mechanisms include mechanical forces, inflammation, ischemia.

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55
Q

Mechanical Forces

A

Stretching causing abdominal pain.

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56
Q

Inflammation

A

Irritation leading to abdominal pain.

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57
Q

Ischemia

A

Oxygen deficiency causing severe abdominal pain.

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58
Q

Tearing Sensation

A

Rarely reported in aorta complications.

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59
Q

Capsule Stretching

A

Pain from stretched organ capsules due to inflammation.

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60
Q

Rapid Distention

A

Sudden abdominal pain from quick organ expansion.

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61
Q

Gradual Distention

A

Little pain despite significant organ size increase.

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62
Q

Peritoneum Stretching

A

Pain from distention or adhesions affecting peritoneum.

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63
Q

Visceral Pain

A

Dull, poorly localized pain from abdominal organs.

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64
Q

Parietal Pain

A

Sharp, localized pain from abdominal wall irritation.

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65
Q

Referred Pain

A

Pain perceived in a different location from origin.

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66
Q

Colicky Pain

A

Intermittent pain from hollow organ inflammation.

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67
Q

Steady Pain

A

Constant pain from solid organ stretching.

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68
Q

Severe Ischemic Pain

A

Worsening pain as organ ischemia increases.

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69
Q

Pregnancy Pain Sensitivity

A

Lower sensitivity to pain in third trimester.

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70
Q

Older Adult Pain Sensitivity

A

Reduced pain sensitivity may mask serious conditions.

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71
Q

Acute Onset Pain

A

Rapid pain indicates potential abdominal disorders.

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72
Q

Visceral pain

A

Pain from internal organs, often dull and poorly localized.

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73
Q

Parietal pain

A

Sharp, localized pain from peritoneal irritation.

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74
Q

Referred pain

A

Visceral pain felt in a different body area.

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75
Q

Ischemia

A

Insufficient blood supply to an organ.

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76
Q

Inflammation

A

Body’s response to injury, causing pain and swelling.

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77
Q

Mechanical obstruction

A

Blockage preventing normal organ function.

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78
Q

Assessment tips

A

Guidelines for evaluating types of abdominal pain.

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79
Q

Somatic pain

A

Another term for parietal pain, highly localized.

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80
Q

Peritoneum

A

Membrane lining the abdominal cavity, sensitive to pain.

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81
Q

Acute abdominal pain

A

Severe pain requiring immediate medical attention.

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82
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum, often due to infection.

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83
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder, causing referred pain.

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84
Q

Gallbladder pain location

A

Referred pain felt in right shoulder and scapula.

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85
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix, causing acute pain.

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86
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas, leading to severe pain.

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87
Q

Gastrointestinal bleeding

A

Loss of blood from the digestive tract.

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88
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Inflammation of stomach and intestines, causing pain.

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89
Q

Peptic ulcer disease

A

Ulcers in the stomach lining causing abdominal pain.

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90
Q

Intestinal obstruction

A

Blockage in the intestines, causing severe pain.

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91
Q

Hernia

A

Protrusion of an organ through the abdominal wall.

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92
Q

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

Enlargement of the aorta in the abdomen, life-threatening.

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93
Q

Pain assessment

A

Evaluating pain characteristics to determine underlying issues.

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94
Q

Patient positioning

A

Lying supine with knees flexed reduces abdominal pain.

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95
Q

Peritoneum

A

Membrane lining the abdominal cavity.

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96
Q

Acidic Digestive Material

A

Highly acidic contents from the duodenum.

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97
Q

Ileum

A

Last part of the small intestine, neutral contents.

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98
Q

Perforation

A

A hole in the wall of an organ.

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99
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum, causing pain.

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100
Q

Markle Test

A

Heel drop test for assessing abdominal pain.

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101
Q

Rebound Tenderness

A

Pain upon release of abdominal pressure.

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102
Q

Heel Drop Test

A

Patient drops on heels to assess pain.

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103
Q

Heel Jar Test

A

Modified test for patients unable to stand.

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104
Q

Acute Abdomen

A

Sudden onset abdominal pain requiring urgent care.

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105
Q

Nausea

A

Feeling of sickness with an urge to vomit.

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106
Q

Vomiting

A

Expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth.

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107
Q

Diarrhea

A

Frequent, watery bowel movements.

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108
Q

Anorexia

A

Lack of appetite, often accompanying abdominal issues.

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109
Q

Fever

A

Elevated body temperature indicating infection.

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110
Q

Chills

A

Shivering sensation often accompanying fever.

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111
Q

Positive Markle Test

A

Indicates abdominal pain upon heel drop.

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112
Q

Abscess Formation

A

Local pus collection due to infection.

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113
Q

Shock

A

Critical condition from inadequate blood flow.

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114
Q

Pain Severity

A

Intensity of pain does not indicate problem severity.

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115
Q

Older Adults Pain Response

A

Less intense pain perception in elderly patients.

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116
Q

Peritoneal Irritation

A

Pain caused by irritants in the peritoneum.

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117
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix causing pain.

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118
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum, often from infection.

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119
Q

Shock

A

Critical condition from insufficient blood flow.

120
Q

McBurney Point

A

RLQ pain location for appendicitis diagnosis.

121
Q

Atypical Symptoms

A

Unusual signs of appendicitis beyond classic presentation.

122
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas causing severe abdominal pain.

123
Q

Epigastric Pain

A

Pain in the upper middle abdomen.

124
Q

Gallstones

A

Solid particles in the gallbladder causing blockage.

125
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder, often due to gallstones.

126
Q

RUQ Pain

A

Right upper quadrant pain associated with cholecystitis.

127
Q

Nausea and Vomiting

A

Common symptoms in appendicitis and pancreatitis.

128
Q

Abdominal Guarding

A

Tensing of abdominal muscles during examination.

129
Q

Positive Markle Test

A

Heel drop test indicating abdominal irritation.

130
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowing of skin due to liver dysfunction.

131
Q

Gastrointestinal Bleeding

A

Bleeding in the GI tract, classified as upper or lower.

132
Q

Peptic Ulcers

A

Open sores in the stomach lining causing bleeding.

133
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of diverticula in the colon.

134
Q

Dark Tarry Stools

A

Indication of upper GI bleeding.

135
Q

Postural Syncope

A

Fainting upon standing due to low blood volume.

136
Q

Sepsis

A

Body’s extreme response to infection, can follow pancreatitis.

137
Q

Tissue Death

A

Necrosis due to lack of blood supply.

138
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Excessive bleeding, can occur in pancreatitis.

139
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting blood, bright red or coffee grounds.

140
Q

Hematochezia

A

Bright red blood in stool, rapid onset.

141
Q

Melena

A

Dark tarry stools from decomposing blood.

142
Q

Altered mental status

A

Changes in consciousness or awareness.

143
Q

Tachycardia

A

Increased heart rate, often over 100 bpm.

144
Q

Pale, cool clammy skin

A

Skin condition indicating shock or blood loss.

145
Q

Abdominal pain

A

Discomfort or tenderness in the abdominal area.

146
Q

Esophageal varices

A

Bulging blood vessels in the esophagus lining.

147
Q

Portal hypertension

A

Increased pressure in liver’s venous blood supply.

148
Q

Painless bleeding

A

Bleeding without abdominal pain, often in varices.

149
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowing of skin or eyes from liver disease.

150
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Inflammation of stomach and small intestines.

151
Q

Acute gastroenteritis

A

Sudden inflammation, often viral or bacterial.

152
Q

Chronic gastroenteritis

A

Long-term inflammation of digestive tract.

153
Q

Ulcers

A

Open sores in the digestive tract lining.

154
Q

Perforation

A

A hole through the wall of the intestine.

155
Q

Abdominopelvic pain

A

Pain in the lower abdomen and pelvis.

156
Q

Dehydration

A

Loss of body fluids, often from vomiting.

157
Q

Signs of peritonitis

A

Symptoms indicating inflammation of abdominal lining.

158
Q

Over-the-counter antacids

A

Medications used to neutralize stomach acid.

159
Q

Severe acute cases

A

Critical situations requiring immediate medical attention.

160
Q

Symptoms of shock

A

Indicators like rapid pulse and pale skin.

161
Q

Gastric Ulcers

A

Wounds on the stomach lining causing pain.

162
Q

Duodenal Ulcers

A

Wounds on the duodenal lining causing discomfort.

163
Q

Abdominal Pain

A

Gradual or acute pain in the LUQ or epigastric area.

164
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting blood, indicating potential bleeding.

165
Q

Hematochezia

A

Passage of fresh blood through the anus.

166
Q

Melena

A

Dark, tarry stools indicating upper GI bleeding.

167
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum, causing rigidity.

168
Q

Intestinal Obstruction

A

Blockage disrupting normal intestinal content flow.

169
Q

Partial Obstruction

A

Incomplete blockage allowing some intestinal flow.

170
Q

Complete Obstruction

A

Total blockage preventing all intestinal flow.

171
Q

Adhesions

A

Scar tissue causing intestines to stick together.

172
Q

Obstipation

A

Severe constipation with inability to pass gas.

173
Q

High-Pitched Bowel Sounds

A

Abnormal bowel sounds indicating early obstruction.

174
Q

Hernia

A

Protrusion of intestine through abdominal wall weakness.

175
Q

Incarcerated Hernia

A

Hernia trapped in the abdominal wall.

176
Q

Strangulated Hernia

A

Hernia cutting off blood supply to intestine.

177
Q

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

A

Enlarged area of the abdominal aorta wall.

178
Q

Aortic Dissection

A

Tear in aorta allowing blood to leak.

179
Q

Signs of Shock

A

Symptoms indicating severe blood loss or injury.

180
Q

Nausea and Vomiting

A

Common symptoms associated with gastrointestinal issues.

181
Q

Abdominal Distention

A

Swelling of the abdomen due to obstruction.

182
Q

Tender Mass

A

Palpable lump indicating potential hernia.

183
Q

Risk Factors for Obstruction

A

Age and previous history of bowel obstruction.

184
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Vein carrying deoxygenated blood from lower body.

185
Q

Aorta

A

Main artery supplying oxygenated blood from heart.

186
Q

Aneurysm

A

Abnormal swelling in a blood vessel wall.

187
Q

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)

A

Aortic aneurysm located in the abdomen.

188
Q

Aortic dissection

A

Tear in the aorta’s inner layer.

189
Q

Gradual onset pain

A

Slowly developing pain in lower lumbar region.

190
Q

Sudden onset pain

A

Immediate severe abdominal pain indicating rupture.

191
Q

Testicular pain

A

Pain in the testicles, often associated with AAA.

192
Q

Mottled skin

A

Spotty skin appearance due to poor blood flow.

193
Q

Cyanotic skin

A

Bluish skin from lack of oxygen.

194
Q

Absent pulses

A

Lack of femoral or pedal pulse detection.

195
Q

Pulsating abdominal mass

A

Palpable mass indicating possible AAA presence.

196
Q

Rigid abdomen

A

Stiff abdomen indicating potential rupture.

197
Q

Assessment for shock

A

Evaluating patient for signs of shock.

198
Q

Transport without delay

A

Immediate transfer of patient to medical facility.

199
Q

Diarrhea

A

Frequent loose or watery bowel movements.

200
Q

Constipation

A

Infrequent or difficult bowel movements.

201
Q

Dehydration

A

Loss of body fluids leading to serious conditions.

202
Q

Pediatric considerations

A

Special attention needed for young patients.

203
Q

Geriatric considerations

A

Increased risk for complications in older patients.

204
Q

Vital signs interpretation

A

Assessing vital signs can be challenging in children.

205
Q

Surgical intervention

A

Surgery required to treat abdominal pain in older adults.

206
Q

Decreased abdominal pain perception

A

Older adults perceive abdominal pain less acutely.

207
Q

Vague symptoms

A

Older adults may present with non-specific symptoms.

208
Q

Delayed medical care

A

Older adults often wait longer to seek treatment.

209
Q

Higher mortality rate

A

Older adults face increased death risk from conditions.

210
Q

GI bleeding

A

Common, life-threatening emergency in older adults.

211
Q

Occult bleeding

A

Hidden gastrointestinal bleeding, not immediately visible.

212
Q

Upper GI tract

A

Includes esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.

213
Q

Lower GI tract

A

Includes intestines and rectum.

214
Q

Abdominal pain

A

Most common finding in abdominal pathology.

215
Q

Painless GI bleeding

A

GI bleeding often occurs without abdominal pain.

216
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting blood, indicating upper GI bleeding.

217
Q

Hematochezia

A

Red blood in stool, indicating lower GI bleeding.

218
Q

Melena

A

Dark tarry stool, indicating digested blood.

219
Q

Dyspepsia

A

Indigestion, common symptom in abdominal issues.

220
Q

Hepatomegaly

A

Enlarged liver, may indicate liver disease.

221
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowing of skin and eyes, liver dysfunction sign.

222
Q

Shock signs

A

Geriatric patients may show shock from minor blood loss.

223
Q

Peripheral edema

A

Swelling from venous congestion, often in liver disease.

224
Q

Supplemental oxygen

A

Administered for patients with poor perfusion.

225
Q

Positive pressure ventilation

A

Used when breathing is inadequate.

226
Q

Recovery position

A

Position for conscious patients to maintain airway.

227
Q

Immunocompromised patients

A

Patients with weakened immune systems due to various factors.

228
Q

Immunocompromised patients

A

Patients with weakened immune systems, higher disease risk.

229
Q

Poor inflammatory response

A

Reduced ability to respond to abdominal conditions.

230
Q

Higher mortality rate

A

Increased risk of death in immunocompromised patients.

231
Q

History-taking importance

A

Ask about fever, vomiting, diarrhea, medication changes.

232
Q

Transplant patient inquiries

A

Inquire about surgery date and location.

233
Q

Bariatric surgery patients

A

Patients who have undergone weight-loss surgery.

234
Q

Post-bariatric surgery risks

A

Risk of ulcers, perforations, bowel obstruction.

235
Q

Hospitalization statistics

A

High hospitalization rates within years post-surgery.

236
Q

Acute abdomen assessment

A

Identify abdominal pain without isolating exact cause.

237
Q

Life-threatening condition

A

All abdominal pain patients considered serious until proven otherwise.

238
Q

Serious signs

A

Low blood pressure, syncope, clammy skin indicate urgency.

239
Q

Severe abdominal pain

A

Emergency if pain lasts longer than 6 hours.

240
Q

Scene size-up

A

Assess potential threats and take standard precautions.

241
Q

Mechanism of injury

A

Identify trauma causes for abdominal distress.

242
Q

Delayed trauma presentation

A

Abdominal trauma symptoms may appear later.

243
Q

Use of senses

A

Employ all senses to assess scene conditions.

244
Q

Gastrointestinal bleeding signs

A

Distinct smell and location clues indicate bleeding.

245
Q

Vomitus examination

A

Note color and quantity of vomit present.

246
Q

Coffee ground appearance

A

Old blood in vomit resembles coffee grounds.

247
Q

Over-the-counter medications

A

Check for medications used before arrival.

248
Q

General impression

A

Initial assessment of patient’s overall condition.

249
Q

Spinal injury precautions

A

Take precautions if spinal injury is suspected.

250
Q

Guarded position

A

Patient with acute abdomen often assumes protective posture.

251
Q

Acute abdomen

A

Condition indicating serious abdominal issues requiring urgent care.

252
Q

Guarded position

A

Knees drawn up, hands over abdomen due to pain.

253
Q

Patent airway

A

Open airway ensuring adequate airflow for breathing.

254
Q

Oxygen saturation

A

Measure of oxygen in blood, assessed with pulse oximeter.

255
Q

Shock

A

Critical condition from inadequate blood flow to organs.

256
Q

Hypoperfusion

A

Inadequate blood flow, leading to signs of shock.

257
Q

Signs of shock

A

Indicators include rapid pulse, cool skin, low blood pressure.

258
Q

Priority for transport

A

Criteria indicating urgent need for medical transport.

259
Q

OPQRST questions

A

Assessment tool for pain: Onset, Provocation, Quality, Radiation, Severity, Time.

260
Q

Medical alert identification

A

Tags indicating allergies or medical conditions for emergency care.

261
Q

Medication history

A

Record of current medications and last doses taken.

262
Q

Past medical history

A

Relevant previous medical issues related to abdominal pain.

263
Q

Dietary history

A

Recent food and alcohol intake affecting abdominal condition.

264
Q

Nausea

A

Feeling of sickness with urge to vomit.

265
Q

Vomitus appearance

A

Color and consistency indicating potential gastrointestinal bleeding.

266
Q

Bowel habits

A

Changes in frequency or consistency of stools.

267
Q

Urinary changes

A

Alterations in urination patterns or discomfort.

268
Q

Physical exam

A

Assessment focusing on abdomen and related symptoms.

269
Q

Palpation technique

A

Gentle examination to avoid aggravating abdominal pain.

270
Q

Inspection of abdomen

A

Visual examination for scars or abnormalities.

271
Q

Quadrant palpation

A

Systematic examination of abdominal quadrants for tenderness.

272
Q

Fluid loss

A

Depletion of fluids due to vomiting or diarrhea.

273
Q

Internal bleeding

A

Hemorrhage within the body, often leading to shock.

274
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum, often causing severe pain.

275
Q

Tachycardia

A

Increased heart rate, often a sign of shock.

276
Q

Abdominal Inspection

A

Visual examination of the abdomen for abnormalities.

277
Q

Palpation

A

Gentle pressing on abdomen to assess tenderness.

278
Q

Tenderness

A

Pain response upon palpation of abdomen.

279
Q

Rigidity

A

Involuntary muscle contraction causing a stiff abdomen.

280
Q

Involuntary Guarding

A

Uncontrollable muscle contraction from peritoneal inflammation.

281
Q

Voluntary Guarding

A

Patient-controlled muscle contraction anticipating pain.

282
Q

Acute Abdomen

A

Condition requiring urgent medical evaluation and intervention.

283
Q

Distended Abdomen

A

Enlarged abdomen indicating possible underlying issues.

284
Q

Soft Abdomen

A

Normal finding; indicates no underlying issues.

285
Q

Nontender Abdomen

A

Absence of pain during abdominal examination.

286
Q

Pulsating Masses

A

Abnormal masses that exhibit rhythmic movement.

287
Q

Baseline Vitals

A

Initial measurements of heart rate, blood pressure, etc.

288
Q

Respiratory Rate Increase

A

Common in patients with acute abdominal pain.

289
Q

Shock Indicators

A

Signs include decreased BP and increased heart rate.

290
Q

Pain Types

A

Can be diffuse, localized, crampy, or sharp.

291
Q

Guarded Position

A

Patient position to minimize abdominal pain.

292
Q

Rapid Shallow Breathing

A

Compensatory mechanism to reduce diaphragm movement.

293
Q

Nausea and Vomiting

A

Common symptoms associated with abdominal pain.

294
Q

Fever or Chills

A

Possible signs of infection or inflammation.

295
Q

Hematochezia

A

Bright red blood in stool indicating bleeding.

296
Q

Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure, often a shock indicator.

297
Q
A

EMT (13 decks)

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