Chapter 22 Part 3 Flashcards
Pharming
Adolescents raiding medicine cabinets for drugs.
Pharming Party
Event where teens trade and use prescription drugs.
CNS Stimulants
Drugs that excite the central nervous system.
CNS Depressants
Drugs that depress the central nervous system.
Narcotics
CNS depressants derived from opium or synthetic sources.
Hallucinogens
Psychedelic drugs causing hallucinations and altered perception.
Volatile Inhalants
Substances inhaled for psychoactive effects.
Signs and Symptoms
Physical indicators of drug or alcohol abuse.
Oxy-Contin
Common painkiller abused at pharming parties.
Demerol
Opioid pain medication often misused.
Ritalin
Stimulant prescribed for attention-deficit disorders.
Adderall
Stimulant used to treat ADHD, commonly abused.
Dexedrine
Stimulant for ADHD, potential for misuse.
Tachycardia
Increased heart rate, common in stimulant abuse.
Bradycardia
Decreased heart rate, often seen with narcotics.
Hypotension
Low blood pressure, can occur with depressants.
Respiratory Depression
Decreased breathing effectiveness, risk with narcotics.
Euphoria
Intense happiness, often experienced with depressants.
Agitation
Restlessness or excitement, common with stimulants.
Open Airway
First step in emergency care for overdose.
Positive Pressure Ventilation
Technique to assist inadequate breathing.
Scene Safety
Priority in managing substance abuse emergencies.
Calming the Patient
Important to prevent injury during agitation.
Respiratory distress
Signs indicating difficulty in breathing.
Hypoxia
Insufficient oxygen in the tissues.
Hypoxemia
Low oxygen levels in the blood.
Nasal cannula
Device for delivering oxygen through the nose.
Lateral recumbent position
Side-lying position to protect the airway.
Supine position
Lying flat on the back.
Hallucinogen
Substance causing altered perception and mood.
Environmental Emergencies
Situations requiring temperature regulation and care.
Tympanic thermometer
Device measuring temperature via the ear.
Blood glucose level
Measurement of glucose concentration in blood.
Hypoglycemia
Condition of abnormally low blood sugar.
Restraints
Devices used to limit patient movement.
Prone position
Lying flat on the stomach.
Reassessment
Ongoing evaluation of a patient’s condition.
CNS stimulant
Substance increasing central nervous system activity.
CNS depressant
Substance decreasing central nervous system activity.
Airway obstruction
Blockage preventing airflow to the lungs.
Suctioning
Removing fluids or secretions from the airway.
Hyperventilation
Rapid or deep breathing causing decreased carbon dioxide.
Skin color assessment
Evaluating skin for signs of distress.
Heart rate variability
Fluctuations in heart rate during assessment.
Vomitus
Material expelled from the stomach.
Secretions
Fluids produced by the body, often obstructive.
CNS Stimulants
Drugs causing excitability and increased alertness.
Excitability
Increased emotional arousal and restlessness.
Tachycardia
Elevated heart rate above normal levels.
Dilated Pupils
Enlarged pupils, indicating possible drug influence.
CNS Depressants
Substances that reduce brain activity and arousal.
Euphoria
Intense feelings of happiness and well-being.
Bradycardia
Slowed heart rate, often below 60 bpm.
Narcotics
Opioids that relieve pain but can depress respiration.
Lethargy
State of sluggishness and reduced energy.
Hallucinogens
Substances causing altered perceptions and hallucinations.
Paranoia
Intense anxiety or fear, often irrational.
Volatile Inhalants
Substances causing intoxication through inhalation.
Erratic Blood Pressure
Unpredictable fluctuations in blood pressure readings.
Drug Withdrawal
Symptoms occurring after cessation of substance use.
Tremors
Involuntary muscle contractions or shaking.
Emergency Care Protocol
Steps for managing drug or alcohol emergencies.
Positive Pressure Ventilation
Assisted breathing technique for inadequate respiration.
Lateral Recumbent Position
Side-lying position to maintain airway patency.
Reassessment Frequency
Regular monitoring of vital signs and condition.
Seizure Emergency Protocol
Guidelines for managing seizure activity.
Mental Status Assessment
Evaluation of consciousness and cognitive function.
Naloxone Administration
Opioid overdose treatment via intramuscular or intranasal.
Transport Protocol
Guidelines for safely moving the patient.
Talk-Down Technique
Method to calm patients experiencing drug-induced anxiety.
Bad Trip
Intense anxiety or panic from hallucinogen use.
Hallucinogens
Drugs causing altered perceptions and reality distortion.
Marijuana Emergencies
Psychological effects more common than physical symptoms.
Prolonged Psychotic Reactions
Extended mental disturbances from hallucinogen use.
Personal Space
Physical area around a person that should not be invaded.
Verbalize
Encourage patients to express their feelings and experiences.
Self-Identification
Recognizing familiar objects to ground the patient.
PCP
Hallucinogen that can exacerbate agitation in users.
Drug Withdrawal
Symptoms experienced when a dependent user stops taking drugs.
Tolerance
Need for larger doses to achieve same drug effects.
Psychological Dependence
Compulsive behavior focused on acquiring drugs.
Physiological Dependence
Body requires drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
Cumulative Effects
Long-term consequences from years of substance abuse.
Acute Intoxication
Immediate effects of consuming excessive alcohol or drugs.
Signs of Alcohol Abuse
Indicators of long-term alcohol consumption issues.
Sympathetic Approach
Remain calm and understanding during patient interaction.
Establish Rapport
Build trust before physical contact with the patient.
Mental Clarity
State of clear thinking that may follow confusion.
Nonjudgmental Attitude
Maintain neutrality when interacting with distressed patients.
Transport After Calming
Move patient only after they have stabilized.
Reassurance
Provide comfort that drug effects are temporary.
Narcotics
Drugs that relieve pain and induce sleep.
Alcohol Use Disorder
Condition characterized by problem drinking and addiction.
Sedatives
Drugs that calm or induce sleep.
Hypnotics
Medications that induce sleep or sedation.
Barbiturates
Depressant drugs used for anxiety and sleep.
Cocaine
Stimulant drug that increases energy and alertness.
Marijuana
Psychoactive drug from cannabis plant.
Withdrawal Symptoms
Signs that occur after stopping drug use.
Anxiety
Feeling of worry or unease.
Agitation
State of nervousness or restlessness.
Profuse Sweating
Excessive perspiration due to withdrawal.
Piloerection
Goosebumps caused by withdrawal symptoms.
Elevated Heart Rate
Increased pulse due to withdrawal.
Hallucinations
Perceptions without external stimuli, visual or auditory.
Tactile Hallucinations
Feeling sensations that aren’t present.
Nausea
Feeling of sickness with an urge to vomit.
Abdominal Cramping
Pain in the stomach area during withdrawal.
Delirium Tremens (DTs)
Severe alcohol withdrawal with confusion and agitation.
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Brain disorder from alcohol toxicity and malnutrition.
Alcohol Intoxication Signs
Odor, swaying, slurred speech, and drowsiness.
Alcohol Emergencies
Critical situations arising from alcohol use.
Life Support Management
Care provided to stabilize vital functions.
Aspiration Risk
Danger of inhaling vomit into lungs.
Paralysis of the eyes
Loss of eye movement control due to syndrome.
Dementia
Cognitive decline affecting memory and reasoning.
Hypothermia
Abnormally low body temperature condition.
Inability to sort fiction from reality
Difficulty distinguishing between real and imagined events.
Coma
State of prolonged unconsciousness.
Hypertension
High blood pressure condition.
Altered mental status
Changes in cognitive function from liver issues.
Cirrhosis of the liver
Severe liver scarring affecting function.
Liver failure
Liver degeneration leading to fatty deposits.
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas causing pain.
Cardiomyopathy
Heart muscle disease affecting function.
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the abdominal lining.
Chronic gastric ulcer
Long-lasting sore in the stomach lining.
Bone marrow suppression
Reduced blood cell production in the marrow.
Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Bleeding in the upper digestive tract.
Seizures
Sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain.
Subdural hematoma
Blood collection between the brain and its outer covering.
Fractures from falls
Broken bones due to repeated falls.
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar levels causing symptoms.
Pneumonia
Lung infection causing breathing difficulties.
Pruritus
Severe itching of the skin.
Clotting disorders
Conditions affecting blood coagulation.
Withdrawal syndrome
Symptoms after reducing or stopping substance use.
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Symptoms mimicking psychiatric disorders after alcohol reduction.
Delirium tremens
Severe alcohol withdrawal with high mortality risk.
Alcoholic tremulousness
Early withdrawal symptoms including tremors and insomnia.
Alcoholic hallucinosis
Hallucinations occurring during alcohol withdrawal.
Withdrawal seizures
Seizures occurring during alcohol withdrawal.
Mortality rate of delirium tremens
Approximately 15-20% without treatment.
Duration of delirium tremens
Lasts between 1 to 5 days.
Severe confusion
Disorientation and inability to think clearly.
Loss of memory
Inability to recall past events or information.
Tremors
Involuntary muscle shaking or quivering.
Restlessness and irritability
Increased agitation and inability to relax.
Extremely high fever
Body temperature significantly above normal levels.
Dilated pupils
Enlarged pupils indicating potential distress or drug use.
Profuse sweating
Excessive perspiration beyond normal levels.
Insomnia
Inability to sleep or disrupted sleep patterns.
Elevated blood pressure
Blood pressure higher than normal range.
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heart rate exceeding normal limits.
Nausea and vomiting
Feeling sick and expelling stomach contents.
Diarrhea
Frequent, watery bowel movements.
Hallucinations
Perceptions of things not present, often frightening.
Opioid
Agent mimicking morphine effects on the body.
Opiate
Natural agents derived from opium.
Narcotic
Agents inducing sleep, broader than opioids.
Fentanyl
Synthetic opioid, 50-100 times more potent than morphine.
Carfentanil
Synthetic opioid, 100 times more potent than fentanyl.
Nitazenes
New class of synthetic opioids identified post-mortem.
CNS depression
Reduced central nervous system activity and responsiveness.
Respiratory depression
Decreased breathing rate and volume.
Miosis
Constricted pupils, common in opioid toxicity.
Seizure
Result of hypoxia from respiratory depression.
Psychomotor delay
Caused by hypoxia and cell injury.
Dysarthria
Speech disturbance due to facial muscle paralysis.
Ataxia
Incoordination resulting from hypoxia and cell injury.
Tremors
Involuntary muscle contractions from hypoxia.
Crackles
Sound from acute pulmonary edema and hypoxia.
Hearing loss
Altered metabolism affecting ear function.
Hypotension
Low blood pressure due to CNS depression.
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate from central nervous system effects.
Nausea
Vomiting due to decreased gastrointestinal motility.
Urinary retention
Inability to urinate from urethral sphincter spasm.
Pruritus
Itching caused by histamine release.
Flushing
Skin redness from histamine release.
Urticaria
Hives resulting from histamine release.
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar with unclear mechanism.
Hypothermia
Lowered body temperature with unclear mechanism.
Naloxone
Medication used to reverse opioid overdose effects.
Patient Care Goals
Focus on rapid intervention and prevention of arrest.
Inclusion Criteria
Decreased mental status with suspected opioid use.
Exclusion Criteria
Altered mental status from non-opioid causes.
PPE
Personal protective equipment for patient management.
Opioids
Drugs with minimal vapor pressure, low exposure risk.
Naloxone
Opioid antagonist for respiratory depression treatment.
Intravenous route
Provides predictable bioavailability for naloxone administration.
Intranasal route
Alternative naloxone delivery method via nasal spray.
Intramuscular route
Naloxone delivery method using muscle injection.
Nebulized solution
Medication delivery option for naloxone administration.
Respiratory depression
Reduced breathing effectiveness, often due to opioids.
Titration
Incremental adjustment of naloxone dosage for effect.
Pediatric dose
Specific naloxone dosage for children, varies by route.
Adult dose
Typical naloxone dosage range for adults, varies by route.
Adhesive patch
Form of opioids for transdermal absorption, remove if found.
Blood-borne pathogens
Infections transmitted through blood, risk from needle sticks.
Bag valve mask
Device for providing ventilatory support to patients.
Assessment
Evaluation of airway, breathing, circulation, and mental status.
Hypoxia
Low oxygen levels, assessed with pulse oximetry.
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar, can alter mental status.
Hypotension
Low blood pressure, potential cause of altered mental state.
Traumatic head injury
Possible cause of altered mental status requiring assessment.
Auto-injector
Pre-measured naloxone device for layperson use.
Mucosal atomization device (MAD)
Needleless syringe for intranasal naloxone delivery.
Single-use bottle
Container for naloxone nasal spray, designed for one use.
Public access programs
Initiatives providing naloxone to non-medical responders.
Cardiac arrest
Condition where naloxone is ineffective for treatment.
Naloxone
Opioid antagonist used to reverse respiratory depression.
Respiratory Depression
Decreased breathing rate or effort, critical in overdose.
Airway Management
Ensuring adequate oxygenation and ventilation in patients.
Opioid Withdrawal
Agitation or violence post-naloxone due to withdrawal.
High-Potency Opioids
Opioids requiring larger naloxone doses for reversal.
Fentanyl
Potent opioid, available in various legal forms.
Carfentanil
Extremely potent opioid, used for large animals.
Synthetic Opioids
Man-made opioids, often undetectable in tests.
Combination Analgesics
Opioids mixed with other analgesics like acetaminophen.
Vicodin
Combination of acetaminophen and hydrocodone.
Percocet
Combination of acetaminophen and oxycodone.
Percodan
Combination of aspirin and oxycodone.
Suboxone
Combination of buprenorphine and naloxone.
QT Prolongation
Potential toxic effect of methadone overdose.
Chest Wall Rigidity
Muscle stiffness requiring PEEP in fentanyl overdoses.
Miosis
Pinpoint pupils, a sign of opioid overdose.
Decreased Mental Status
Altered consciousness due to opioid effects.
PEEP
Positive end-expiratory pressure for ventilation support.
Accidental Overdose
Unintentional opioid overdose from misuse or abuse.
Toxicity Risks
Increased when opioids are mixed with other substances.
Monitoring Duration
Naloxone effects last about one hour; monitor closely.
Scene Safety
Ensure safety due to potential violent withdrawal.
Naloxone Administration
Administered to reverse opioid effects and restore breathing.
Ventilation
Critical intervention before naloxone in overdose cases.
Naloxone
Generic name for opioid overdose reversal medication.
Narcan
Trade name for naloxone medication.
Opioid Intoxication
Condition requiring naloxone for CNS depression.
Respiratory Depression
Inadequate breathing requiring immediate medical intervention.
Positive Pressure Ventilation
Technique to assist inadequate breathing in patients.
Mucosal Atomizer Device
Device used for intranasal naloxone administration.
Intranasal Route
Common route for naloxone administration by EMTs.
Intramuscular Route
Alternative route for naloxone, less commonly used.
Dosage for Intranasal
Typical dose is 4 mg per nostril.
Hypotension
Low blood pressure, a sign of opioid overdose.
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate, indicating possible opioid effects.
Airway Management
First step in emergency care for overdose.
Oxygenation
Maintaining adequate oxygen levels in the patient.
Suctioning Airway
Clearing airway to prevent aspiration during overdose.
Patient Restraint
Consideration due to potential aggression post-naloxone.
Contraindication of Naloxone
Known hypersensitivity to naloxone is the only contraindication.
Naloxone Administration Steps
Follow specific steps for safe naloxone delivery.
Carfentanyl
A potent opioid requiring higher naloxone doses.
Physiologic Instability
Condition needing larger naloxone doses or ALS unit.
Nasal Cannula
Device for administering supplemental oxygen.
Lateral Recumbent Position
Position to prevent aspiration in unresponsive patients.
Emergency Medical Care Steps
Sequential actions for managing opioid overdose.
CNS Depression
Central nervous system impairment due to opioids.
Naloxone Auto-Injector
Device for easy naloxone administration.
Naloxone
Opioid antagonist that reverses opioid effects.
Opioid Receptors
Sites where opioids bind to exert effects.
Acute Opioid Withdrawal
Symptoms occurring after sudden opioid cessation.
Respiratory Depression
Decreased breathing rate and effectiveness.
Hypotension
Abnormally low blood pressure condition.
Bradycardia
Abnormally slow heart rate.
Reassessment
Monitoring vital signs post-naloxone administration.
Redose
Administer additional naloxone if needed.
PCP
Dangerous hallucinogen with numerous street names.
Cocaine
Highly addictive stimulant with severe health risks.
Crack Cocaine
Smokable form of nearly pure cocaine.
Amphetamines
Stimulants that excite the central nervous system.
Methamphetamines
Powerful stimulant with high addiction potential.
Hyperthermia
Elevated body temperature, potentially life-threatening.
Muscle Rigidity
Stiffness of muscles, can occur with stimulants.
Hallucinogenic Amphetamines
Amphetamines that cause hallucinations and altered perception.
Street Names
Common names used for illicit drugs.
Nasal Dryness
Dryness of nasal passages, possible side effect.
Edema
Swelling due to fluid retention, can occur nasally.
Congestion
Blockage of nasal passages, often due to inflammation.
Monitoring
Continuous observation of patient’s vital signs.
Transport
Moving patient while ensuring stability and safety.
Emergency Care Considerations
Special protocols for treating drug-related emergencies.
PABS
Psychoactive bath salts, synthetic designer drugs.
CNS Stimulant
Drug that stimulates the central nervous system.
Norepinephrine
Neurotransmitter involved in arousal and alertness.
Dopamine
Neurotransmitter linked to pleasure and reward.
Tolerance
Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use.
Withdrawal
Symptoms experienced after cessation of drug use.
Sympathetic Stimulation
Increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heart rate.
Hypertension
Elevated blood pressure.
Hyperthermia
Dangerously high body temperature.
Altered Mental Status
Changes in awareness or cognitive function.
Paranoia
Intense, irrational distrust or suspicion.
MDMA
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, known as ecstasy.
Euphoria
Intense feeling of happiness or well-being.
Rave Culture
Subculture centered around electronic dance music events.
Bruxism
Involuntary teeth grinding or jaw clenching.
Mydriasis
Dilation of the pupils.
Hyperpyrexia
Life-threatening elevation of core body temperature.
Intracranial Hemorrhage
Bleeding within the skull.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Severe lung condition causing breathing difficulties.
Emergency Management
Supportive care for drug overdose situations.
Extreme agitation
Intense restlessness or excitement in behavior.
Involuntary eye movement
Uncontrolled horizontal and vertical eye motions.
Unresponsiveness to pain
Lack of reaction to painful stimuli.
Severe muscular rigidity
Stiffness of muscles, limiting movement.
Excessive bronchial secretions
Increased mucus production in airways.
Hypertension
Elevated blood pressure above normal levels.
Hyperthermia
Abnormally high body temperature.
Decreased urinary output
Lower than normal urine production.
Respiratory depression
Reduced breathing rate or effort.
Vivid hallucinations
Intense sensory experiences without external stimuli.
Sensation of bugs crawling
Feeling of insects on or under the skin.
Myocardial infarction (MI)
Heart attack due to blocked blood flow.
Aortic dissection
Tear in the aorta’s wall, causing separation.
Chest pain unrelated to MI
Discomfort not linked to heart attack causes.
Stroke
Interruption of blood supply to the brain.
Severe headache
Intense pain not relieved by analgesics.
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Pattern of alternating apnea and breathing.
Neurological problems
Issues affecting the nervous system functions.
Psychiatric problems
Mental health issues like anxiety or psychosis.
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Main psychoactive compound in cannabis.
Medical marijuana
Cannabis used for therapeutic purposes.
Undesired side effects of THC
Negative reactions like dry mouth and tachycardia.
Impaired Attention
Decreased ability to focus due to drug use.
Motor Vehicle Accidents
Crashes linked to impaired driving from substances.
Tolerance
Reduced response to a substance after repeated use.
Withdrawal
Symptoms experienced after stopping a substance.
Synthetic Cannabinoids
Manufactured chemicals mimicking THC effects.
New Psychoactive Substances (NPS)
Unregulated drugs with mind-altering effects.
Herbal Incense
Dried plants sprayed with synthetic cannabinoids.
E-cigarettes
Devices for vaporizing liquids, including synthetic cannabinoids.
Synthetic Marijuana
Common name for synthetic cannabinoids, misleadingly labeled safe.
Addictive Substances
Drugs that create dependence and withdrawal symptoms.
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome
Condition causing nausea and vomiting in chronic users.
Acute Episodes
Short-term occurrences of symptoms lasting days.
Hot Shower Relief
Temporary symptom relief for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.
Cyclic Vomiting
Recurrent vomiting pattern over extended periods.
Periumbilical Pain
Abdominal pain around the navel area.
Emergency Care
Supportive treatment for patients under drug influence.
Tachycardia
Rapid heart rate often associated with drug use.
Adverse Effects
Negative reactions from drug use, including anxiety.
Violent Behavior
Aggressive actions potentially linked to drug effects.
Suicidal Thoughts
Mental health risks associated with synthetic cannabinoids.
Dehydration Risks
Fluid loss from vomiting and hot baths.
Acute Renal Failure
Kidney failure risk from untreated hyperemesis syndrome.
Overdose
Excessive intake of medication, intentional or accidental.
Intentional Overdose
Overdose aimed at suicide or drug effect.
Accidental Overdose
Unintentional excessive medication intake due to misunderstanding.
Synergistic Drug Interaction
Enhanced effects from combining multiple medications.
Calcium Channel Blockers
Medications that prevent calcium from entering cells.
Beta Blockers
Drugs that reduce heart rate and blood pressure.
Cardioactive Steroids
Steroids affecting heart function and rhythm.
ACE Inhibitors
Medications that relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure.
Anti-dysrhythmics
Drugs used to treat abnormal heart rhythms.
Benzodiazepines
Sedatives used for anxiety and sleep disorders.
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
Older class of antidepressants with sedative effects.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Antidepressants that increase serotonin levels.
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
Antidepressants that inhibit monoamine oxidase enzyme.
Acetaminophen
Common pain reliever, potential for liver toxicity.
NSAIDs
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain relief.
Antihistamines
Drugs that relieve allergy symptoms.
Herbal Remedies
Natural substances used for medicinal purposes.
Dietary Supplements
Products taken to enhance diet and health.
Hypotension
Lower than normal blood pressure.
Huffing
Inhaling substances for psychoactive effects.
Toluene
Chemical commonly used in huffing, found in solvents.
Hypoxia
Deficiency in oxygen reaching tissues.
Emergency Care Protocol
Guidelines for managing poisoning and overdose cases.
Toxidrome
Clinical syndrome associated with specific toxin exposure.
Decontamination
Process of removing toxins from the body.
