Chapter 22 Part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Ciguatera
A
Seafood poisoning from toxins in fish tissues.
2
Q
Salmonella
A
Bacterial infection from contaminated food or water.
3
Q
Campylobacter
A
Common poisoning from contaminated poultry and milk.
4
Q
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
A
Severe gastrointestinal poisoning from contaminated foods.
5
Q
Staphylococcus aureus
A
Food poisoning from unhygienic food preparation practices.
6
Q
Symptoms of Food Poisoning
A
Include cramping, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
7
Q
Severe Allergic Reaction
A
Life-threatening response requiring immediate medical attention.
8
Q
Reassessment Frequency
A
Regular checks on patient condition during transport.
9
Q
Flush Contaminated Skin
A
Use large amounts of water for decontamination.
10
Q
Vomiting Precaution
A
Be alert for airway compromise due to vomiting.
11
Q
Advanced Life Support
A
Higher level of medical care for deteriorating patients.
12
Q
Transport Protocol
A
Follow guidelines for safe patient transport.
13
Q
Signs of Poisoning
A
Varied symptoms, often delayed after toxin exposure.
14
Q
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
A
Colorless, odorless gas from incomplete combustion.
15
Q
Food Poisoning Symptoms
A
Increased temperature, blood disorders, muscle issues.
16
Q
Emergency Medical Care
A
Do not give anything by mouth; transport immediately.
17
Q
Leading Cause of Death
A
Carbon monoxide poisoning is a major cause.
18
Q
Sources of CO
A
Includes furnaces, vehicle exhaust, and tobacco smoke.
19
Q
Initial Symptoms
A
Flu-like symptoms without fever or body aches.
20
Q
Tachypnea
A
Rapid respiratory rate indicating potential distress.
21
Q
Altered Mental Status
A
Confusion early, unresponsiveness late in poisoning.
22
Q
Pulse Oximeter Reading
A
High readings can be misleading in CO poisoning.
23
Q
Hypoxia
A
Condition where cells lack adequate oxygen.
24
Q
Signs of Severe Poisoning
A
Temporary blindness, hearing loss, convulsions, coma.
25
False Recovery Signs
Awakening does not indicate resolution of poisoning.
26
Carbon Monoxide Displacement
CO replaces oxygen on hemoglobin in blood.
27
Emergency Care Steps
Maintain airway and assess breathing status.
28
Enclosed Space Danger
Increased risk of CO poisoning in confined areas.
29
Common CO Sources
Includes grills, stoves, and faulty heaters.
30
Symptoms Shared by Others
Consider CO poisoning if multiple people affected.
31
Time to Death
Can occur within minutes from CO exposure.
32
Chronic Exposure Risks
Long-term exposure can lead to severe complications.
33
Medical Care Requirement
All CO poisoning cases need immediate medical attention.
34
Carbon Monoxide Color Change
Turns hemoglobin bright red, affecting oximeter readings.
35
Suicide Method
Automobile exhaust is a common method due to CO.
36
Transport Guidelines
Move patients to open air, away from CO sources.
37
Nonrebreather mask
Delivers high oxygen concentration regardless of readings.
38
Carboxyhemoglobin half-life
Decreases significantly with high oxygen therapy.
39
Pulse oximeter
Not reliable for guiding oxygen therapy.
40
CO-oximeter
Measures carbon monoxide levels in blood.
41
Positive pressure ventilation
Used when respiratory rate or tidal volume is inadequate.
42
Cyanide
A poison that interferes with cellular oxygen use.
43
Cyanide exposure routes
Inhalation, absorption, injection, and ingestion.
44
Common cyanide sources
Household products, rodent poisons, and cherry pits.
45
Incomplete combustion
Produces cyanide from burning plastics and carpets.
46
Cyanide poisoning hypoxia
Oxygen delivery occurs, but usage is impaired.
47
Early signs of cyanide poisoning
Headache, confusion, agitation, and dyspnea.
48
Bitter almond smell
Characteristic odor of cyanide, not detectable by all.
49
Late signs of cyanide poisoning
Seizures, coma, hypotension, and cardiac arrest.
50
Emergency care for cyanide poisoning
Scene safety and personal protection are essential.
51
Self-contained breathing apparatus
Used to protect rescuers from toxic environments.
52
Patient care goals
Ensure ventilation, oxygenation, and correct hypoperfusion.
53
Cyanide as a blood agent
Also known as hydrogen cyanide.
54
Cyanide poisoning treatment
Includes removal from toxic environment and oxygen therapy.
55
Cyanide's effect on cells
Blocks cytochrome oxidase, preventing oxygen use.
56
Cyanide poisoning progression
Can lead to death within minutes.
57
Cyanide poisoning in firefighters
May receive antidotes as a precaution.
58
Inclusion criteria for cyanide suspicion
Consider in smoke exposure and industrial accidents.
59
Cyanide antidotes
Administered alongside basic inhalation treatment.
60
Cyanide Exposure Symptoms
Anxiety, vertigo, weakness, headache, tachypnea, nausea.
61
High Concentration Effects
Altered consciousness, seizures, respiratory depression, cardiac dysrhythmias.
62
Rapid Onset Severity
Severity relates to exposure type and may cause collapse.
63
Patient Management Steps
Remove from toxic environment, assess ABCDs, vital signs.
64
Pulse Oximetry Limitations
May not correlate with tissue oxygenation in cyanide exposure.
65
Cardiac Monitoring
Attach monitor to examine rhythm for arrhythmias.
66
Blood Glucose Check
Essential for assessing patient condition during cyanide exposure.
67
Cyanide Treatment Initiation
Administer oxygen via non-rebreather mask or CPAP.
68
Hydroxocobalamin Use
Administered for cyanide poisoning, safe in pregnancy.
69
Seizure Management
Treat seizures per established guidelines.
70
PPE for Rescuers
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment during rescue.
71
Hydrogen Cyanide Generation
Cyanide reacts with stomach acids, produces gas.
72
Air Circulation Importance
Maximize in closed spaces to prevent gas accumulation.
73
Nitrites Contraindication
Do not use with suspected carbon monoxide poisoning.
74
Post-Hydroxocobalamin Effects
Flushing occurs, not an allergic reaction.
75
Decontamination Steps
Remove contaminated clothing, decontaminate patient rapidly.
76
Patent Airway Maintenance
Establish and maintain airway for patient safety.
77
Breathing Status Assessment
Evaluate breathing status for respiratory distress.
78
Cyanide Blood Test Availability
No rapid confirmatory test widely available.
79
Patient History Importance
Obtain history including cardiovascular and medication details.
80
Physical Exam Necessity
Perform to assess overall patient condition.
81
Monitoring for Hypoxia
Observe for signs despite pulse oximetry readings.
82
Lactate and Cyanide Levels
Collect pre-treatment blood sample for analysis.
83
Nonrebreather mask
Delivers high oxygen concentration in emergencies.
84
Cyanide poisoning
Requires immediate oxygen administration regardless of readings.
85
ALS
Advanced Life Support for severe medical emergencies.
86
Caustic substances
Strong acids or alkalis causing chemical burns.
87
Strong acids
Have extremely low pH, causing immediate burns.
88
Strong alkalis
Have extremely high pH, causing deeper burns.
89
Chemical burn
Tissue damage from caustic substance exposure.
90
Acid ingestion
Burns primarily occur in the stomach.
91
Alkali ingestion
Burns deeper due to prolonged contact.
92
Burn duration
Acids burn for approximately seconds; alkalis for minutes to hours.
93
Signs of caustic poisoning
Includes burns, dysphagia, abdominal pain, and stridor.
94
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing, often seen in caustic poisoning.
95
Stridor
High-pitched sound indicating airway obstruction.
96
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath, a symptom of caustic poisoning.
97
Shock signs
Pale skin, tachycardia, low blood pressure.
98
Activated charcoal
Ineffective for caustic substance ingestion.
99
Personal protective equipment
Essential for rescuers during caustic substance management.
100
Decontamination
Flush contaminated areas with large amounts of water.
101
Open airway
Critical to manage swelling from burns.
102
Oropharyngeal airway
Inserted if swelling obstructs airway access.
103
Maintain oxygen saturation
Aim for 94% or greater during treatment.
104
Hypoxia
Low oxygen levels in the body.
105
Hypoxemia
Low oxygen levels in the blood.
106
Respiratory distress
Signs indicating inadequate breathing or oxygenation.
107
Hypoxia
Insufficient oxygen in the tissues.
108
Poor perfusion
Inadequate blood flow to tissues.
109
Nasal cannula
Device delivering supplemental oxygen through nostrils.
110
Positive pressure ventilation
Assisted breathing using a mechanical device.
111
Hydrocarbons
Organic compounds derived from crude oil or plants.
112
Common hydrocarbon sources
Kerosene, naphtha, turpentine, mineral oil, toluene, benzene.
113
Hydrocarbon poisoning
Toxic effects from ingestion, inhalation, or absorption.
114
Viscosity
Resistance of a substance to flow, affecting toxicity.
115
Signs of hydrocarbon poisoning
Coughing, burns, dyspnea, cyanosis, seizures.
116
Scene safety
Ensuring a safe environment for patient treatment.
117
Personal protective equipment
Gear to protect responders from hazardous exposure.
118
Decontamination
Removing contaminants from the patient's body.
119
Open airway
Maintaining an unobstructed passage for breathing.
120
Nonrebreather mask
Device providing high-concentration oxygen to patients.
121
Transport patient rapidly
Quickly moving the patient to medical facility.
122
Methanol
Toxic alcohol found in various household products.
123
Ingestion of methanol
Can lead to severe metabolic acidosis.
124
Blindness from methanol
Can occur from ingesting as little as 30-240 mL.
125
Central nervous system symptoms
Signs affecting brain function, e.g., headache, coma.
126
Gastrointestinal symptoms
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain related to poisoning.
127
Altered mental status
Confusion or unresponsiveness in patients.
128
Seizures
Uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain.
129
Nausea and vomiting
Feeling sick and expelling stomach contents.
130
Abdominal pain
Discomfort or pain in the stomach area.
131
Blurred vision
Reduced clarity of sight.
132
Dilated pupils
Enlarged pupils that respond slowly to light.
133
Visual changes
Seeing spots or distortions in vision.
134
Blindness
Loss of vision, either temporary or permanent.
135
Dyspnea
Difficulty or labored breathing.
136
Tachypnea
Abnormally rapid breathing rate.
137
Emergency medical care
Supportive treatment for methanol poisoning.
138
Ethyl alcohol
Drinking alcohol that prevents methanol conversion.
139
Fomepizole
Antidote for methanol poisoning.
140
Open airway
Ensuring unobstructed breathing passage.
141
Positive pressure ventilation
Assisted breathing to improve oxygen delivery.
142
Oxygen administration
Providing supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula.
143
Isopropanol
Common rubbing alcohol, toxic when ingested.
144
Acetone
Metabolite of isopropyl alcohol affecting the CNS.
145
Respiratory depression
Decreased respiratory rate and effort.
146
Hematemeis
Vomiting blood due to gastrointestinal issues.
147
Ethylene glycol
Toxic substance found in antifreeze and detergents.
148
Signs of shock
Symptoms indicating inadequate blood flow.
149
Three stages of poisoning
Progressive symptoms of ethylene glycol toxicity.
150
First Stage
Neurological effects after ingestion of ethylene glycol.
151
Second Stage
Cardiopulmonary effects following ethylene glycol ingestion.
152
Third Stage
Renal effects occurring after ethylene glycol ingestion.
153
Neurological Symptoms
Signs include uncoordinated movements and slurred speech.
154
Altered Mental Status
Confusion or disorientation after ethylene glycol ingestion.
155
Nausea and Vomiting
Common symptoms in the first stage of poisoning.
156
Seizures
Possible neurological symptom of ethylene glycol toxicity.
157
Hallucinations
Altered perceptions occurring in the first stage.
158
Tachypnea
Increased respiratory rate in second stage poisoning.
159
Pulmonary Edema
Crackles upon auscultation indicating fluid in lungs.
160
Cyanosis
Bluish discoloration due to lack of oxygen.
161
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing associated with cardiopulmonary effects.
162
Respiratory Distress
Inadequate breathing requiring immediate medical intervention.
163
Heart Failure
Potential outcome in the second stage of poisoning.
164
Oliguria
Production of little urine following renal stage.
165
Anuria
Absence of urine production in severe cases.
166
Hematuria
Presence of blood in urine during renal stage.
167
Emergency Medical Care
Supportive treatment for ethylene glycol poisoning.
168
Open Airway
First step in emergency care for poisoning.
169
Positive Pressure Ventilation
Technique for inadequate breathing support.
170
Urushiol
Toxic element causing reactions from poison ivy.
171
Poison Ivy
Common plant causing allergic skin reactions.
172
Suicide Bags
Plastic bags used for euthanasia via gas inhalation.
173
Helium
Inert gas used in suffocation method.
174
Nitrogen
Inert gas causing asphyxiation when inhaled.
175
Hypoxia
Condition of insufficient oxygen in the body.
176
Hypercarbia
Excess carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.
177
Chemical Suicide
Suicide method using toxic household chemicals.
178
Hydrogen Sulfide
Deadly gas produced from mixing acid and detergent.
179
Asphyxiation
Suffocation caused by lack of oxygen.
180
Toxic Environment
Area with harmful gas concentrations.
181
Emergency Responders
Personnel responding to hazardous situations.
182
Mass Casualty Incident
Event causing multiple victims needing urgent care.
183
Decontamination
Process of removing toxic substances from a patient.
184
Nonrebreather Mask
Device providing high concentration oxygen to patients.
185
Poison Control Centers
Facilities assisting in poison treatment and management.
186
Pre-arrival Notification
Alerting medical facility about incoming contaminated patient.
187
Airtight Seal
Sealing method to contain toxic gas within an area.
188
Toxic Fumes
Harmful gases that can cause health hazards.
189
Detergent Bottle
Container for cleaning agent used in chemical suicide.
190
Acid Bottle
Container for corrosive substance used in chemical suicide.
191
Mixing Device
Tool used to combine chemicals for toxic gas.
192
Patient Transport
Moving a patient to a medical facility.
193
Oxygenation
Process of providing oxygen to the body.
194
Positive Pressure Ventilation
Technique to assist inadequate breathing.
195
Clothing Decontamination
Removing contaminated clothing to prevent exposure.
196
Poison Control Centers
Toll-free centers assisting with poison emergencies.
197
Toxicologists
Experts providing guidance on poison treatment.
198
Follow-up Calls
Monitoring patient progress post-poison exposure.
199
Drug Abuse
Self-administration of drugs outside approved patterns.
200
Overdose
Emergency caused by excessive drug or alcohol intake.
201
Withdrawal
Abstinence period from accustomed drugs or alcohol.
202
CNS Depressant
Substances that lower central nervous system activity.
203
Respiratory Depression
Decreased breathing rate or effort.
204
Altered Mental Status
Changes in awareness or cognitive function.
205
Hyperthermia
Abnormally high body temperature.
206
Hypothermia
Abnormally low body temperature.
207
Stimulants
Drugs that increase heart rate and blood pressure.
208
Depressants
Drugs that decrease heart rate and mental alertness.
209
Amphetamines
Stimulants causing increased alertness and mood elevation.
210
Cocaine
Stimulant causing euphoria and increased heart rate.
211
Methamphetamine
Powerful stimulant with severe cardiac risks.
212
Nicotine
Stimulant found in tobacco products.
213
Seizures
Sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain.
214
Cardiac Arrest
Sudden loss of heart function.
215
Drug Interaction
Effects from combining different drugs, potentially dangerous.
216
Emergency Goals
Identify and treat vital function impairments.
217
Treatment Options
Strategies for managing poison exposure and overdose.
218
Patient Assessment
Evaluating age, weight, and symptoms for treatment.
219
Cocaine Overdose
Causes excitement, euphoria, and rapid respiration.
220
Cocaine Withdrawal
Leads to apathy, sleep, irritability, and depression.
221
Cannabis Effects
Moderate dosages cause euphoria and increased appetite.
222
THC
Active compound in cannabis causing psychoactive effects.
223
Synthetic Cannabinoids
Man-made chemicals mimicking THC effects.
224
Cannabis Overdose
Can cause fatigue, paranoia, and possible psychosis.
225
Depressants
Substances that reduce neural activity and bodily functions.
226
Opiates
Natural or synthetic drugs derived from opium.
227
Heroin Effects
Causes euphoria, drowsiness, and respiratory depression.
228
Fentanyl
Powerful synthetic opioid, high overdose risk.
229
Alcohol
CNS depressant causing altered mental status.
230
Barbiturates
Sedatives that can cause CNS depression.
231
Benzodiazepines
Medications for anxiety, can cause sedation.
232
Hallucinogens
Psychedelic drugs causing altered perceptions.
233
LSD Effects
Causes hallucinations and altered time perception.
234
PCP
Causes violent behavior and possible paralysis.
235
Inhalants
Substances causing euphoria and loss of inhibitions.
236
Sudden Sniffing Death
Fatal phenomenon from inhalant use.
237
Withdrawal Symptoms
Can include insomnia, irritability, and depression.
238
Needle Tracks
Visible signs of repeated intravenous drug use.
239
Overdose Symptoms
Include respiratory failure and possible death.
240
CNS Depression
Slowed brain activity leading to unresponsiveness.
241
Flashbacks
Re-experiencing drug effects long after use.
242
Alcohol Absorption
Alcohol is quickly distributed to body tissues.
243
Alcohol Concentration
Alcohol is concentrated in blood and brain.
244
Alcohol Abuse Illnesses
Includes cirrhosis and peritonitis.
245
Alcohol Intoxication Risks
Major cause of automobile crashes.
246
Alcohol Ingestion Effects
Contributes to overdoses, homicides, and trauma.
247
Assessment-Based Approach
Evaluate and treat drug or alcohol emergencies.
248
Scene Size-Up
Ensure scene safety before approaching patient.
249
Police Backup
Call early for potential violence situations.
250
Meth Labs
Hazardous materials scene for EMTs.
251
Behavior Change Risks
Rapid changes can lead to violence.
252
Needle Precautions
Avoid contact with drug abuser's needles.
253
Standard Precautions
Protect against bloodborne and airborne diseases.
254
Mechanism of Injury
Identify potential causes of patient injury.
255
Mimicking Conditions
Drug emergencies can resemble stroke or hypoglycemia.
256
Evidence of Use
Look for pills, syringes, or liquor bottles.
257
Medical ID Tags
Provide information on chronic conditions.
258
General Impression
Form initial assessment of the patient's condition.
259
Life Threats
Check for gunshot wounds or major bleeding.
260
Altered Mental Status
Varies from excitability to unresponsiveness.
261
Airway Inspection
Check for blockages from secretions or vomitus.
262
CNS Depressants
Can cause inadequate breathing in patients.
263
Positive Pressure Ventilation
Used if breathing is slow or absent.
264
Oxygen Administration
Based on patient signs and symptoms.
265
Nasal cannula
Device for delivering supplemental oxygen.
266
Radial pulse
Pulse felt at the wrist, indicates circulation.
267
CNS depressants
Substances that reduce central nervous system activity.
268
CNS stimulants
Substances that increase central nervous system activity.
269
Cool, clammy skin
Skin condition indicating poor perfusion and hypotension.
270
Alcohol odor
Scent indicating possible alcohol abuse.
271
Fruity odor
Scent indicating potential diabetic emergency.
272
Altered mental status
Change in awareness or cognitive function.
273
Vital signs variability
Changes in physiological measurements based on drug type.
274
Unresponsiveness
Inability to awaken from deep sleep or coma.
275
Respiratory difficulties
Weak or noisy breathing patterns.
276
Cyanosis
Bluish skin indicating low oxygen levels.
277
Fever
Temperature above 100°F or 38°C.
278
Tachycardia
Abnormally fast heart rate.
279
Bradycardia
Abnormally slow heart rate.
280
Vomiting with altered mental status
Risk of airway occlusion or aspiration.
281
Seizures
Muscle spasms indicating neurological distress.
282
Dilated pupils
Common sign of CNS stimulant use.
283
Pinpoint pupils
Common sign of narcotic use.
284
Huffers
Individuals inhaling substances for psychoactive effects.
285
Huffers
Patients inhaling substances to achieve euphoria.
286
Alveolar membrane
Site where gases exchange in lungs.
287
Hallucinogens
Substances causing altered perceptions and sensations.
288
Jugular venous distention
Swelling of neck veins indicating heart failure.
289
Auscultate
Listen to internal sounds using a stethoscope.
290
Euphoric feeling
Intense happiness from inhaled substances.
291
Hypoxia
Deficiency of oxygen in the body.
292
Narcotics
Drugs that relieve pain and induce relaxation.
293
Peripheral pulses
Blood flow indicators in limbs.
294
Cool, clammy skin
Sign of narcotic drug abuse.
295
Needle tracks
Marks indicating intravenous drug use.
296
Vital signs
Measurements of heart rate, blood pressure, etc.
297
CNS depressants
Substances that slow down brain activity.
298
CNS stimulants
Substances that increase brain activity.
299
Flushed skin
Redness indicating possible drug reaction.
300
Cyanotic skin
Bluish discoloration due to low oxygen.
301
Temperature variations
Can indicate type of substance abused.
302
Medical alert tags
Identification for patients with health conditions.
303
Unreliable history
Patient's account may be distorted or false.
304
Multiple substance abuse
Using more than one drug simultaneously.
305
Physical exam
Assessment of patient's physical condition.
