Chapter 22 Part 5 Flashcards
1
Q
Abnormal breath odors
A
Unusual smells indicating potential poisoning.
2
Q
Inhalation
A
Breathing in harmful substances or gases.
3
Q
Nausea
A
Feeling of sickness with an urge to vomit.
4
Q
Vomiting
A
Expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth.
5
Q
Diarrhea
A
Frequent, watery bowel movements.
6
Q
Altered mental status
A
Changes in consciousness or cognitive function.
7
Q
Abnormal skin color
A
Unusual skin tones indicating possible distress.
8
Q
Dyspnea
A
Difficulty or labored breathing.
9
Q
Seizures
A
Sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain.
10
Q
Burns to the respiratory tract
A
Injury to airways from inhaled hot substances.
11
Q
Stridor
A
High-pitched wheezing indicating airway obstruction.
12
Q
Sooty sputum
A
Dark mucus indicating inhalation of smoke.
13
Q
Known exposure to toxic gas
A
History of contact with harmful airborne substances.
14
Q
Respiratory depression
A
Decreased rate or depth of breathing.
15
Q
Sweating
A
Excessive perspiration often due to stress or toxins.
16
Q
Tearing
A
Excessive production of tears, often from irritation.
17
Q
Constricted pupils
A
Narrowed pupils, often indicating opioid use.
18
Q
Dilated pupils
A
Enlarged pupils, often indicating stimulant use.
19
Q
Dizziness
A
Lightheadedness or loss of balance.
20
Q
Local pain
A
Discomfort at the site of injection or injury.
21
Q
Puncture wounds
A
Holes in the skin from sharp objects.
22
Q
Reddening skin
A
Inflamed or irritated skin appearance.
23
Q
Local edema
A
Swelling in a specific area of the body.
24
Q
Numbness
A
Loss of sensation in a body part.
25
Tingling
Prickling sensation often associated with nerve issues.
26
Abdominal pain
Discomfort in the stomach area.
27
Muscle twitching
Involuntary muscle contractions.
28
Hypoperfusion
Inadequate blood flow to tissues.
29
Metallic taste
Unusual taste often associated with certain toxins.
30
Anticholinergic toxidrome
Signs include flushed skin and urinary retention.
31
Cholinergic toxidrome
DUMBELS symptoms indicate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor poisoning.
32
Serotonin Syndrome
Condition with agitation, hyperreflexia, and tremors.
33
Patient Management
Steps to assess and treat toxic exposure.
34
Assessment
Evaluation of patient condition and vital signs.
35
Body substance isolation (BSI)
Precautions to prevent contamination during treatment.
36
Vital signs
Measurements of pulse, blood pressure, and respiratory rate.
37
Cardiac monitor
Device to assess heart rhythm and function.
38
Blood glucose level
Measurement of sugar in the blood.
39
Pulse oximetry
Monitoring oxygen saturation in the blood.
40
Carboxyhemoglobin device
Tool for assessing carbon monoxide levels in blood.
41
Ingestion History
Details of substance intake before ED arrival.
42
Route of Exposure
Pathway through which toxin enters the body.
43
Quantity of Medication
Amount of substance ingested or exposed.
44
Alcohol Intoxication
Presence of alcohol affecting patient condition.
45
Cardiovascular History
Patient's past heart-related medical issues.
46
Needle Marks
Signs of intravenous drug use or exposure.
47
Physical Examination
Comprehensive assessment of patient's physical state.
48
Patent Airway
Clear airway necessary for effective breathing.
49
Oxygen Administration
Providing oxygen to maintain adequate saturation.
50
Fluid Bolus
Rapid infusion of fluids to address hypoperfusion.
51
Activated Charcoal
Substance used to absorb toxins in overdose cases.
52
Acetaminophen Overdose
Toxicity from excessive acetaminophen intake.
53
Aspirin Overdose
Toxicity due to high doses of aspirin.
54
Benzodiazepine Overdose
Toxicity from excessive benzodiazepine consumption.
55
Caustic Substances
Harmful agents causing burns or injury upon contact.
56
Opiate Overdose
Toxicity resulting from excessive opioid use.
57
SSRIs
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors affecting serotonin levels.
58
TCA Overdose
Toxicity from tricyclic antidepressant medications.
59
Environmental Safety
Ensuring safe surroundings for patient and clinician.
60
Vital Signs Monitoring
Regular checks of patient's heart rate and rhythm.
61
Regional Poison Center
Resource for managing toxic exposures and outcomes.
62
Temperature Normalization
Maintaining or restoring normal body temperature.
63
Poison Control Centers
National toll-free resource for poison advice.
64
Activated Charcoal
Useful for certain poisonings, not all agents.
65
Ipecac
Not recommended for poisoning; production ceased.
66
COVID-19 Pandemic
EMS role in public health and vaccination.
67
Hepatitis B
Liver virus transmitted through blood and fluids.
68
Chronic Carrier
Asymptomatic individual transmitting hepatitis B.
69
Signs of Hepatitis B
Includes fatigue, jaundice, dark urine, abdominal pain.
70
Protective Gloves
Worn to prevent blood contact during patient care.
71
Vaccination for Hepatitis B
OSHA requires vaccination for EMS workers.
72
Soiled Refuse Disposal
Double-bag and seal according to local protocol.
73
Hepatitis B Exposure Protocol
Report exposure; may require HBIG injection.
74
Hepatitis C
Most common bloodborne infection in the US.
75
Transmission of Hepatitis C
Requires needlestick; rare via mucous membranes.
76
Signs of Hepatitis C
Includes jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, dark urine.
77
Standard Precautions
Essential when dealing with body fluids exposure.
78
Emergency Personnel Testing
Recommended after exposure to hepatitis C.
79
Entrohepatic Poisoning
Involves toxins recirculating through the liver.
80
Extended-Release Agents
Medications released slowly in the body.
81
Aspiration Risk
Potential danger of inhaling substances into lungs.
82
Confidential Expert Advice
Provided by poison control centers nationwide.
83
Vaccination Teams
EMS involvement in administering vaccines during crises.
84
Infectious Disease Awareness
Critical for EMTs during patient care.
85
Bloodborne Pathogens
Viruses transmitted through blood exposure.
86
HCV Transmission
Primary route for EMS personnel infection.
87
Tuberculosis (TB)
Pathogen primarily infects lungs and tissues.
88
Drug-resistant TB
New strains of tuberculosis resistant to treatment.
89
Transmission via droplets
Infection occurs through patient cough droplets.
90
Vulnerable populations
Groups at high risk for tuberculosis infection.
91
Signs of Tuberculosis
Includes fever, cough, night sweats, weight loss.
92
OSHA Standards
Protective procedures for rescuers against infections.
93
HEPA Respirators
Special masks to filter airborne pathogens.
94
Protective gloves
Used to avoid contact with infected fluids.
95
Artificial ventilation equipment
OSHA-approved tools for patient breathing support.
96
Disinfecting equipment
Use hospital-grade disinfectant for contaminated tools.
97
HIV Transmission
Spread through blood, sexual contact, and mother-child.
98
Fragile HIV virus
Sensitive to temperature and external conditions.
99
Opportunistic infections
Infections exploiting weakened immune systems.
100
Common AIDS symptoms
Includes fever, weight loss, fatigue, and rash.
101
Standard Precautions
Practices to reduce risk of HIV infection.
102
SARS
Respiratory virus identified in Asia, 2003.
103
Infected sputum
Contaminated mucus from tuberculosis patients.
104
Coughing up blood
Sign of severe tuberculosis infection.
105
Mother-child transmission
HIV passes from infected mother to child.
106
Night sweats
Common symptom in both TB and AIDS.
107
Weight loss
Frequent symptom in tuberculosis and AIDS patients.
108
Swollen lymph glands
Common indicator of HIV infection.
109
Mental status changes
Possible symptom of advanced HIV infection.
110
SARS
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; reemerged as SARS-COV.
111
West Nile Virus
Transmitted via infected mosquito bites.
112
Transmission of WNV
Mosquitoes feed on infected birds.
113
Asymptomatic Infection
Most WNV infections show no symptoms.
114
Severe Symptoms of WNV
Includes high fever, confusion, and paralysis.
115
Mild Symptoms of WNV
Includes fever, headache, and body aches.
116
Duration of Severe WNV Symptoms
May last several weeks, some permanent.
117
Duration of Mild WNV Symptoms
Lasts few days to several weeks.
118
Standard Precautions
Protective measures against virus transmission.
119
Ebola Virus Disease
A viral hemorrhagic fever endemic to Africa.
120
Ebola Outbreak 2014
Largest outbreak with significant fatalities.
121
Signs of Ebola
Includes high fever and severe hemorrhage.
122
EVD Symptom Onset
Symptoms appear days after exposure.
123
Transmission of Ebola
Through blood and body fluids.
124
Zika Virus Disease
Spread by infected mosquito bites.
125
Zika's Geographic Spread
Expanded to Latin America and Caribbean.
126
Zika Symptoms
Includes fever, rash, and conjunctivitis.
127
Zika Symptom Duration
Symptoms resolve within days in healthy individuals.
128
Zika and Pregnancy
Can cause birth defects if transmitted.
129
Zika Prevention
Avoid mosquito bites and sexual transmission.
130
Multidrug-Resistant Organisms
Pathogens resistant to standard antimicrobial drugs.
131
MRSA
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotic-resistant pathogen.
132
VRE
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci, resistant to vancomycin antibiotic.
133
PRSP
Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, resistant to penicillin.
134
DRSP
Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, resistant to multiple drugs.
135
MDR TB
Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis, resistant to standard treatments.
136
XDR TB
Extensively drug-resistant Tuberculosis, resistant to most drugs.
137
Colistin-resistant E. coli
Escherichia coli resistant to colistin antibiotic.
138
Infection transmission
Spread through direct contact or respiratory droplets.
139
Standard Precautions
Basic infection control practices for healthcare workers.
140
Hand-washing procedures
Critical hygiene practice to prevent infection spread.
141
Novel pathogens
Newly identified pathogens causing emerging infectious diseases.
142
Travel history
Patient's recent travel details, important for diagnosis.
143
COVID-19 pandemic
Global outbreak of coronavirus affecting healthcare systems.
144
SARS-CoV-2
Virus responsible for COVID-19 infection.
145
Asymptomatic patients
Individuals showing no symptoms of infection.
146
Subclinical infection
Infection without noticeable symptoms in the patient.
147
Personal protective equipment
Gear worn to minimize exposure to hazards.
148
Comirnaty
COVID-19 vaccine by Pfizer-BioNTech, FDA approved.
149
Spikevax
COVID-19 vaccine by Moderna, FDA approved.
150
Infectious disease risk
Potential exposure to pathogens during patient care.
151
Long-term care facilities
Healthcare settings for patients needing extended care.
152
Chronic wounds
Long-lasting injuries susceptible to infections.
153
Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
Healthcare service providing emergency medical response.
154
COVID-19 vaccines
Provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 virus.
155
SARS-CoV-2
Virus responsible for COVID-19 disease.
156
Emerging variants
New virus strains with potential vaccine resistance.
157
Vaccine efficacy
Reduces hospitalization and mortality rates.
158
Pathophysiology
Study of disease mechanisms in COVID-19.
159
Hypoxia
Low oxygen levels in the body.
160
Hypoxemia
Deficient oxygen in the blood.
161
Virion
Infectious virus particle with nucleic acid.
162
Capsid
Protein shell surrounding viral genetic material.
163
Envelope
Greasy coat from infected cell membranes.
164
Viral genome
Contains instructions for virus replication.
165
RNA viruses
Most viruses infecting mammals have RNA genomes.
166
Lysis
Process of cell membrane breaking to release virus.
167
Budding
Virus exits cell through membrane without lysis.
168
Respiratory droplets
Primary transmission method of viruses.
169
Mucous membranes
Entry point for viruses in the body.
170
Infection process
Virus tricks cells to allow entry.
171
Soap effectiveness
Disrupts viral greasy coat, preventing infection.
172
Viral replication
Virus produces copies within host cells.
173
Viral proteins
Necessary for virus assembly and infection.
174
Cell membrane
Barrier that viruses must breach to infect.
175
Infected surfaces
Viruses can survive on surfaces for transmission.
176
Oxygenation management
Focus for EMS providers in COVID-19 patients.
177
Viral transmission
Spread through droplets or surface contact.
178
COVID-19
Disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus.
179
SARS-CoV-2
Novel coronavirus identified in 2019 outbreak.
180
Pandemic
Widespread disease affecting multiple countries or continents.
181
Pyroptosis
Programmed cell death following viral infection.
182
Cytokine Storm
Severe inflammatory response with elevated cytokine levels.
183
ACE Receptor
Entry point for SARS-CoV-2 into host cells.
184
Spike Protein
Viral protein that binds to ACE receptors.
185
Nucleocapsid
Viral component deposited in host cell cytoplasm.
186
Cytokines
Small proteins important for cell signaling during immunity.
187
Chemokines
Type of cytokine that directs immune cell movement.
188
Dendritic Cells
Immune cells that phagocytose viruses and activate T cells.
189
Proinflammatory Cytokines
Cytokines that promote inflammation in response to infection.
190
Pulmonary Macrophages
Immune cells that engulf pathogens in the lungs.
191
Viral Propagation
Process of virus spreading to other cells.
192
Respiratory Droplets
Large droplets that transmit the virus during close contact.
193
Severe Hypoxia
Critical lack of oxygen in the body.
194
Common Cold
Mild viral infection caused by coronaviruses.
195
SARS
Severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronaviruses.
196
MERS
Middle East respiratory syndrome caused by coronaviruses.
197
Vesicles
Membrane-bound sacs transporting viral particles.
198
Infection Process
Sequence of events from virus entry to cell death.
199
Immune Response
Body's defense mechanism against pathogens.
200
Antigen-specific T Cells
T cells that target specific antigens in infections.
201
Injury to Airway Cells
Damage caused by viral infection leading to cell death.
202
Cytokine Storm
Excessive cytokine release causing immune response damage.
203
Hypercytokinemia
Another term for cytokine storm.
204
Pulmonary Capillary Permeability
Increased permeability leading to fluid leakage in lungs.
205
Alveolar-Capillary Interface
Area for gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries.
206
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Severe condition causing gas exchange difficulties.
207
Hypoxemia
Low oxygen levels in the blood.
208
Hypercapnia
Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
209
Thrombosis
Clot formation linked to inflammation and cytokines.
210
Microvascular Injury
Damage to small blood vessels during severe infections.
211
Cellular Ischemia
Insufficient blood supply leading to cell dysfunction.
212
Anaerobic Metabolism
Energy production without oxygen, yielding lactic acid.
213
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Cellular mechanism maintaining ion balance using ATP.
214
Fluid Accumulation
Excess fluid in alveoli impeding gas exchange.
215
Pneumonia
Lung infection often resulting from COVID-19.
216
Infection Progression
Advancement from respiratory to multisystem organ failure.
217
Inflammatory Response
Body's reaction causing tissue damage during infection.
218
Gas Exchange Disturbances
Impaired oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer in lungs.
219
ATP Production
Energy generation essential for cell function.
220
Carbonic Acid Formation
Result of elevated carbon dioxide and water reaction.
221
Acid-Base Balance
Homeostasis of pH levels in the body.
222
Capillary Leakage
Fluid escape from capillaries into surrounding tissues.
223
Respiratory Droplets
Main transmission method of COVID-19 infection.
224
Severe COVID-19 Patients
Individuals experiencing critical symptoms and complications.
225
Acid Effects
Depresses enzyme function, damages cell structures.
226
Cell Membrane Breach
Leads to cell death after membrane damage.
227
COVID-19 Inflammatory Process
Causes blood clotting and micro emboli formation.
228
Pulmonary Circulation Clots
Obstructs blood flow, decreases oxygen exchange.
229
Hypoxemia
Severe oxygen deficiency in the blood.
230
Organ Failure
Result of arterial blood occlusion from clots.
231
Cardiac Ischemia
Insufficient blood supply to cardiac tissue.
232
Myocardial Infarction
Heart attack due to blocked blood flow.
233
Kidney Injury
Common in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
234
Renal Arteries Clots
Speculated cause of kidney damage in COVID-19.
235
COVID-19 Clinical Stages
Divided into three phases based on symptoms.
236
Stage 1: Asymptomatic
Initial infection phase with limited immune response.
237
Stage 2: Upper Respiratory Symptoms
Virus spreads down respiratory tract, immune triggered.
238
Stage 3: Severe Infection
Infection extends to alveoli, causing pneumonia-like symptoms.
239
Alveolar Damage
Diffuse damage leading to ARDS and hypoxemia.
240
Older Adults Risk
Higher risk due to weaker immune response.
241
COVID-19 Transmission
Spreads through droplets from infected individuals.
242
Infection Proximity
Closer individuals more likely to contract virus.
243
Nasal Swabs Testing
Preferred method for detecting COVID-19 virus.
244
Inflammatory Response
Body's reaction to infection causing symptoms.
245
Scarring of Lung Tissue
Occurs during repair attempts post-infection.
246
Virus Entry Points
Eyes, nose, and mouth allow virus access.
247
Respiratory Tract Infection
Virus replicates and spreads through airways.
248
Droplet Transmission
Spread via small droplets from exhaling, sneezing, coughing.
249
Direct Contact Transmission
Virus introduced through touching contaminated surfaces.
250
Incubation Period
Time from exposure to symptom onset, 2-14 days.
251
Alpha Variant
First identified in UK, spreads faster, severe illness.
252
Beta Variant
First identified in South Africa, less severe illness.
253
Gamma Variant
First identified in Japan and Brazil, moderate spread.
254
Delta Variant
First identified in India, causes severe illness.
255
Mu Variant
First identified in Colombia, not a major concern.
256
Vaccine Effectiveness
Vaccines reduce severity and spread of variants.
257
Monoclonal Antibodies
Treatments less effective against certain variants.
258
Personal Protective Equipment
Gloves and eye protection for EMS personnel.
259
Hand Hygiene
Frequent handwashing to prevent virus transmission.
260
Mucous Membranes
Virus enters through eyes, nose, or mouth.
261
Patient Compartment Risks
Close proximity increases transmission risk in ambulances.
262
Variants of Concern
Variants monitored for spread and severity impact.
263
PCR Testing
Identifies current variants of COVID-19.
264
Coughing and Sneezing
Major sources of droplet transmission.
265
Bag-Valve-Mask Ventilation
Potential for virus spread during EMS procedures.
266
Symptoms Onset
Signs appear within days post-exposure.
267
Viral Evolution
Viruses constantly change, leading to new variants.
268
Infection Rates
Delta variant causes greater number of infections.
269
Vaccine Types
Pfizer, Moderna, Johnson & Johnson effective against variants.
270
Mu variant
Variant with vaccine resistance concerns.
271
Omicron variant
Identified in November 2021, bypasses vaccine immunity.
272
MIS
Serious inflammatory condition linked to COVID-19.
273
MIS-C
MIS in patients under 21 years old.
274
MIS-A
MIS in patients 21 years and older.
275
MIS symptoms
Includes fever, abdominal pain, and rash.
276
Reinfection
Infection after recovery from a previous COVID-19 case.
277
Post-COVID conditions
Symptoms persisting four weeks post-infection.
278
Long COVID
Chronic symptoms following COVID-19 infection.
279
Common post-COVID symptoms
Includes fatigue, cough, and joint pain.
280
Dyspnea
Increased respiratory effort or difficulty breathing.
281
Brain fog
Cognitive impairment following COVID-19 infection.
282
High-risk groups
Older adults and those with chronic illnesses.
283
Asthma risk
COVID-19 can trigger asthma attacks.
284
Severe illness
Higher risk in older adults and chronic conditions.
285
Sub-variants
Numerous variants derived from the omicron variant.
286
Inflammation
Body's response causing swelling and pain.
287
Therapeutics
Treatments aimed at managing COVID-19 effects.
288
Vaccine immunity
Protection provided by vaccination against infection.
289
Symptoms of MIS
Includes chest pain, vomiting, and hypotension.
290
Pneumonia
Lung infection often related to COVID-19.
291
ARDS
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome from COVID-19.
292
Support groups
Communities formed to assist post-COVID patients.
293
Asthma attack
Increased airway resistance worsens hypoxemia.
294
Chronic lung disease
Includes COPD, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.
295
Diabetes
Chronic high blood glucose damages organs.
296
COVID-19 risk
Diabetes increases severe illness risk.
297
Heart failure
Heart's inability to pump effectively.
298
Coronary artery disease
Narrowing of heart arteries affecting blood flow.
299
Pulmonary hypertension
Increased blood pressure in lung arteries.
300
Chronic kidney disease
Long-term kidney dysfunction requiring dialysis.
301
Severe obesity
BMI of 30 or above; affects pulmonary function.
302
ARDS
Acute respiratory distress syndrome; severe lung condition.
303
Older adults
Individuals aged 65 years or older.
304
Immune system decline
Aging leads to weakened immune response.
305
Long-term care residents
Elderly or chronically ill individuals in communal settings.
306
Liver disease
Chronic conditions like cirrhosis increase infection risk.
307
Immunocompromised
Weakened immune system due to various conditions.
308
Smoking effects
Decreases immune response and increases infection risk.
309
Chronic inflammatory response
Leads to hypoxemia and worsens existing conditions.
310
Severe illness
Increased morbidity and mortality risk from conditions.
311
Vascular damage
Preexisting damage increases COVID-19 severity.
312
Cell and tissue damage
Hypoxemia can lead to organ failure.
313
COVID-19 immune response
Can exacerbate existing health conditions.
314
Personal protection
Precautions for EMS providers against hazards.
315
Infectious Diseases
Diseases caused by pathogens like viruses or bacteria.
316
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Gear worn to minimize exposure to hazards.
317
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, health protection agency.
318
N95 Mask
Respirator mask filtering at least 95% airborne particles.
319
Eye Protection
Goggles or face shields to protect eyes from contamination.
320
Disposable Gloves
Single-use gloves to prevent cross-contamination.
321
Gown
Protective clothing worn to prevent contamination.
322
Hand Hygiene
Practice of cleaning hands to prevent infection.
323
Aerosol-generating Procedures
Medical procedures that produce airborne particles.
324
Bag-Valve Mask (BVM)
Device for providing positive pressure ventilation.
325
Oropharyngeal Suctioning
Clearing airway secretions using suctioning device.
326
Endotracheal Suctioning
Suctioning to clear the trachea of secretions.
327
Small-Volume Nebulizer
Device delivering medication in aerosol form.
328
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
Non-invasive ventilation providing continuous airway pressure.
329
Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP)
Non-invasive ventilation with two pressure settings.
330
Endotracheal Intubation
Placement of tube in trachea for ventilation.
331
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
Emergency procedure to restore breathing and circulation.
332
FDA Approved Vaccines
Vaccines authorized for public use by the FDA.
333
Emergency Use Authorization (EUA)
Temporary approval for medical products during emergencies.
334
Comirnaty
Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for COVID-19.
335
Spikevax
Moderna vaccine for COVID-19.
336
Janssen Vaccine
Johnson & Johnson vaccine, single-dose COVID-19 vaccine.
337
mRNA Vaccine
Vaccine using messenger RNA to instruct cells.
338
Protein Subunit Vaccine
Vaccine using harmless virus proteins to elicit immunity.
339
T-lymphocytes
White blood cells that fight viral infections.
340
B-lymphocytes
Cells that produce antibodies against pathogens.
341
Viral Vector Vaccine
Contains modified virus with COVID-19 material.
342
mRNA Vaccine
Vaccines using messenger RNA to instruct cells.
343
Pfizer BioNTech
An mRNA vaccine for COVID-19.
344
Moderna
Another mRNA vaccine for COVID-19.
345
Johnson & Johnson
A viral vector vaccine for COVID-19.
346
Public Service Answering Points (PSAPs)
Call centers for emergency medical services.
347
Scene Size-up
Initial assessment of safety at an emergency scene.
348
Primary Assessment
Identifying and managing immediate life threats.
349
Airway Management
Techniques to maintain a patient's airway.
350
Mechanical Airway Device
Tools like tubes for airway support.
351
Endotracheal Tube
Tube inserted into the trachea for ventilation.
352
Supraglottic Airway Device
Airway device placed above the vocal cords.
353
Tidal Volume
Amount of air per breath during ventilation.
354
Positive Pressure Ventilation
Technique to assist breathing using pressure.
355
Hyperventilation
Increased respiratory rate and tidal volume.
356
Hypoventilation
Decreased respiratory rate and tidal volume.
357
Respiratory Rate
Number of breaths taken per minute.
358
Adequate Ventilation
Sufficient respiratory rate and tidal volume.
359
PPE
Personal protective equipment for safety.
360
Oxygenation Compromise
Insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues.
361
Hypoxemia
Low oxygen levels in the blood, causing fatigue.
362
Hypercarbia
Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
363
Happy Hypoxic
Patients with severe hypoxia but minimal distress.
364
Oxygen Therapy
Treatment to increase oxygen levels in patients.
365
Pulse Oximeter
Device measuring blood oxygen saturation levels.
366
Nonrebreather Mask
Mask providing high oxygen concentration to patients.
367
Nasal Cannula
Device delivering supplemental oxygen through the nose.
368
Signs of Hypoxemia
Indicators include cyanosis, tachycardia, and confusion.
369
OPQRST Mnemonic
Tool for assessing onset and duration of symptoms.
370
Comorbid Factors
Existing conditions increasing COVID-19 severity risk.
371
Asymptomatic COVID-19
Positive test with no clinical signs or symptoms.
372
Mild COVID-19
Upper respiratory or digestive symptoms present.
373
Moderate COVID-19
Pneumonia without hypoxemia, normal chest X-ray.
374
Severe COVID-19
Pneumonia with hypoxemia requiring urgent care.
375
Critical COVID-19
Severe complications like ARDS and heart failure.
376
Chest Assessment
Evaluate breath sounds for pneumonia or ARDS.
377
Jugular Venous Distension
Sign of right-ventricular failure from pulmonary issues.
378
Rales
Abnormal lung sounds indicating fluid presence.
379
Tachypnea
Rapid breathing often associated with hypoxemia.
380
Cyanosis
Bluish discoloration indicating severe oxygen deficiency.
381
Secondary Assessment
Collecting history to confirm COVID-19 infection.
382
Signs of COVID-19
Include fever, cough, fatigue, and loss of taste.
383
Cardiac Arrest
Condition requiring chest compressions and CPR.
384
CDC-recommended PPE
Personal protective equipment for healthcare safety.
385
Rhonchi
Abnormal lung sounds from increased mucus production.
386
Presacral edema
Swelling in lower back from heart failure.
387
Hypoxemia
Low blood oxygen levels causing systemic vasoconstriction.
388
Pulse oximeter
Device to monitor patient's oxygenation status.
389
Continuous EKG monitor
Device to assess patient's heart rhythm continuously.
390
End-tidal monitor
Measures effectiveness of ventilation, not oxygenation.
391
Patent airway
Open airway essential for patient survival.
392
Oxygen therapy
Administering oxygen to maintain adequate oxygenation.
393
Nonrebreather mask
High-flow oxygen device for severe respiratory distress.
394
Positive pressure ventilation (PPV)
Assisted breathing for patients in respiratory failure.
395
CDC COVID-19 precautions
Guidelines for safely managing suspected COVID-19 patients.
396
Transport isolation
Keeping COVID-19 patients separate during transport.
397
HEPA ventilation system
High-efficiency filter system for air exchange.
398
Negative pressure
Airflow that prevents contamination from patient compartment.
399
Air changes per hour
Rate of air replacement in a space.
400
Disposable gown
Single-use protective clothing for cleaning.
401
Cleaning guidelines
CDC recommendations for disinfecting EMS vehicles.
402
Suction secretions
Clearing airway by removing mucus or fluids.
403
Titrate oxygen
Adjusting oxygen flow to achieve target saturation.
404
Transport documentation
Record of care and contact during patient transport.
405
Ambulance ventilation
Setting to nonrecirculate to prevent contamination.
406
Patient compartment isolation
Separating driver from patient during transport.
407
Rear exhaust fan
Ventilation feature to expel contaminated air.
408
Eye Protection
Wear during cleaning to prevent splashes.
409
Face Shield
Protects face from sprays while cleaning.
410
Approved Disinfecting Solutions
Use EPA-registered, hospital-grade disinfectants.
411
Adequate Ventilation
Ensure airflow when cleaning to reduce exposure.
412
EPA-Registered Disinfectant
Disinfectant approved for effective pathogen elimination.
413
Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)
Guidelines for cleaning and disinfecting protocols.
414
Contaminated Surfaces
Clean surfaces that contact patients or contaminants.
415
Reusable Equipment
Clean and disinfect equipment used on patients.
416
Contaminated PPE
Dispose according to SOP to prevent spread.
417
Launder Linens
Avoid shaking; follow SOP for cleaning.
418
COVID-19 Exposure Risk
High risk for EMS providers during patient care.
419
Asymptomatic Infection
Infected individuals showing no symptoms.
420
Severe Hypoxemia
Low oxygen levels without typical breathing difficulty.
421
Vascular Disease
COVID-19 complications include clotting and strokes.
422
Primary EMS Treatment
Focus on supportive care and oxygenation.
423
Ambulance Cleaning
Thoroughly clean after transporting COVID-19 patients.
424
Routes of Exposure
Ways pathogens enter the body: ingestion, absorption.
425
Ingestion
Pathogen entry through swallowing contaminated substances.
426
Absorption
Pathogen entry through skin contact.
427
Inhalation
Pathogen entry via breathing contaminated air.
428
Injection
Pathogen entry through a puncture in the skin.
429
Activated Charcoal Administration
Used to treat certain poisonings; follow specific steps.
430
Medical Direction Order
Required before administering activated charcoal.
431
Patient Observation
Monitor patient while drinking activated charcoal.
432
Record Keeping
Document dose and time of charcoal administration.
