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EMT > Chapter 22 Part 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Part 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormal breath odors

A

Unusual smells indicating potential poisoning.

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2
Q

Inhalation

A

Breathing in harmful substances or gases.

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3
Q

Nausea

A

Feeling of sickness with an urge to vomit.

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4
Q

Vomiting

A

Expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth.

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5
Q

Diarrhea

A

Frequent, watery bowel movements.

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6
Q

Altered mental status

A

Changes in consciousness or cognitive function.

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7
Q

Abnormal skin color

A

Unusual skin tones indicating possible distress.

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8
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficulty or labored breathing.

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9
Q

Seizures

A

Sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain.

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10
Q

Burns to the respiratory tract

A

Injury to airways from inhaled hot substances.

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11
Q

Stridor

A

High-pitched wheezing indicating airway obstruction.

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12
Q

Sooty sputum

A

Dark mucus indicating inhalation of smoke.

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13
Q

Known exposure to toxic gas

A

History of contact with harmful airborne substances.

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14
Q

Respiratory depression

A

Decreased rate or depth of breathing.

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15
Q

Sweating

A

Excessive perspiration often due to stress or toxins.

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16
Q

Tearing

A

Excessive production of tears, often from irritation.

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17
Q

Constricted pupils

A

Narrowed pupils, often indicating opioid use.

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18
Q

Dilated pupils

A

Enlarged pupils, often indicating stimulant use.

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19
Q

Dizziness

A

Lightheadedness or loss of balance.

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20
Q

Local pain

A

Discomfort at the site of injection or injury.

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21
Q

Puncture wounds

A

Holes in the skin from sharp objects.

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22
Q

Reddening skin

A

Inflamed or irritated skin appearance.

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23
Q

Local edema

A

Swelling in a specific area of the body.

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24
Q

Numbness

A

Loss of sensation in a body part.

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25
Q

Tingling

A

Prickling sensation often associated with nerve issues.

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26
Q

Abdominal pain

A

Discomfort in the stomach area.

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27
Q

Muscle twitching

A

Involuntary muscle contractions.

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28
Q

Hypoperfusion

A

Inadequate blood flow to tissues.

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29
Q

Metallic taste

A

Unusual taste often associated with certain toxins.

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30
Q

Anticholinergic toxidrome

A

Signs include flushed skin and urinary retention.

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31
Q

Cholinergic toxidrome

A

DUMBELS symptoms indicate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor poisoning.

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32
Q

Serotonin Syndrome

A

Condition with agitation, hyperreflexia, and tremors.

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33
Q

Patient Management

A

Steps to assess and treat toxic exposure.

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34
Q

Assessment

A

Evaluation of patient condition and vital signs.

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35
Q

Body substance isolation (BSI)

A

Precautions to prevent contamination during treatment.

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36
Q

Vital signs

A

Measurements of pulse, blood pressure, and respiratory rate.

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37
Q

Cardiac monitor

A

Device to assess heart rhythm and function.

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38
Q

Blood glucose level

A

Measurement of sugar in the blood.

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39
Q

Pulse oximetry

A

Monitoring oxygen saturation in the blood.

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40
Q

Carboxyhemoglobin device

A

Tool for assessing carbon monoxide levels in blood.

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41
Q

Ingestion History

A

Details of substance intake before ED arrival.

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42
Q

Route of Exposure

A

Pathway through which toxin enters the body.

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43
Q

Quantity of Medication

A

Amount of substance ingested or exposed.

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44
Q

Alcohol Intoxication

A

Presence of alcohol affecting patient condition.

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45
Q

Cardiovascular History

A

Patient’s past heart-related medical issues.

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46
Q

Needle Marks

A

Signs of intravenous drug use or exposure.

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47
Q

Physical Examination

A

Comprehensive assessment of patient’s physical state.

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48
Q

Patent Airway

A

Clear airway necessary for effective breathing.

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49
Q

Oxygen Administration

A

Providing oxygen to maintain adequate saturation.

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50
Q

Fluid Bolus

A

Rapid infusion of fluids to address hypoperfusion.

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51
Q

Activated Charcoal

A

Substance used to absorb toxins in overdose cases.

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52
Q

Acetaminophen Overdose

A

Toxicity from excessive acetaminophen intake.

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53
Q

Aspirin Overdose

A

Toxicity due to high doses of aspirin.

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54
Q

Benzodiazepine Overdose

A

Toxicity from excessive benzodiazepine consumption.

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55
Q

Caustic Substances

A

Harmful agents causing burns or injury upon contact.

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56
Q

Opiate Overdose

A

Toxicity resulting from excessive opioid use.

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57
Q

SSRIs

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors affecting serotonin levels.

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58
Q

TCA Overdose

A

Toxicity from tricyclic antidepressant medications.

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59
Q

Environmental Safety

A

Ensuring safe surroundings for patient and clinician.

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60
Q

Vital Signs Monitoring

A

Regular checks of patient’s heart rate and rhythm.

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61
Q

Regional Poison Center

A

Resource for managing toxic exposures and outcomes.

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62
Q

Temperature Normalization

A

Maintaining or restoring normal body temperature.

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63
Q

Poison Control Centers

A

National toll-free resource for poison advice.

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64
Q

Activated Charcoal

A

Useful for certain poisonings, not all agents.

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65
Q

Ipecac

A

Not recommended for poisoning; production ceased.

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66
Q

COVID-19 Pandemic

A

EMS role in public health and vaccination.

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67
Q

Hepatitis B

A

Liver virus transmitted through blood and fluids.

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68
Q

Chronic Carrier

A

Asymptomatic individual transmitting hepatitis B.

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69
Q

Signs of Hepatitis B

A

Includes fatigue, jaundice, dark urine, abdominal pain.

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70
Q

Protective Gloves

A

Worn to prevent blood contact during patient care.

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71
Q

Vaccination for Hepatitis B

A

OSHA requires vaccination for EMS workers.

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72
Q

Soiled Refuse Disposal

A

Double-bag and seal according to local protocol.

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73
Q

Hepatitis B Exposure Protocol

A

Report exposure; may require HBIG injection.

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74
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Most common bloodborne infection in the US.

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75
Q

Transmission of Hepatitis C

A

Requires needlestick; rare via mucous membranes.

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76
Q

Signs of Hepatitis C

A

Includes jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, dark urine.

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77
Q

Standard Precautions

A

Essential when dealing with body fluids exposure.

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78
Q

Emergency Personnel Testing

A

Recommended after exposure to hepatitis C.

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79
Q

Entrohepatic Poisoning

A

Involves toxins recirculating through the liver.

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80
Q

Extended-Release Agents

A

Medications released slowly in the body.

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81
Q

Aspiration Risk

A

Potential danger of inhaling substances into lungs.

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82
Q

Confidential Expert Advice

A

Provided by poison control centers nationwide.

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83
Q

Vaccination Teams

A

EMS involvement in administering vaccines during crises.

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84
Q

Infectious Disease Awareness

A

Critical for EMTs during patient care.

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85
Q

Bloodborne Pathogens

A

Viruses transmitted through blood exposure.

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86
Q

HCV Transmission

A

Primary route for EMS personnel infection.

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87
Q

Tuberculosis (TB)

A

Pathogen primarily infects lungs and tissues.

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88
Q

Drug-resistant TB

A

New strains of tuberculosis resistant to treatment.

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89
Q

Transmission via droplets

A

Infection occurs through patient cough droplets.

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90
Q

Vulnerable populations

A

Groups at high risk for tuberculosis infection.

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91
Q

Signs of Tuberculosis

A

Includes fever, cough, night sweats, weight loss.

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92
Q

OSHA Standards

A

Protective procedures for rescuers against infections.

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93
Q

HEPA Respirators

A

Special masks to filter airborne pathogens.

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94
Q

Protective gloves

A

Used to avoid contact with infected fluids.

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95
Q

Artificial ventilation equipment

A

OSHA-approved tools for patient breathing support.

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96
Q

Disinfecting equipment

A

Use hospital-grade disinfectant for contaminated tools.

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97
Q

HIV Transmission

A

Spread through blood, sexual contact, and mother-child.

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98
Q

Fragile HIV virus

A

Sensitive to temperature and external conditions.

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99
Q

Opportunistic infections

A

Infections exploiting weakened immune systems.

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100
Q

Common AIDS symptoms

A

Includes fever, weight loss, fatigue, and rash.

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101
Q

Standard Precautions

A

Practices to reduce risk of HIV infection.

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102
Q

SARS

A

Respiratory virus identified in Asia, 2003.

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103
Q

Infected sputum

A

Contaminated mucus from tuberculosis patients.

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104
Q

Coughing up blood

A

Sign of severe tuberculosis infection.

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105
Q

Mother-child transmission

A

HIV passes from infected mother to child.

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106
Q

Night sweats

A

Common symptom in both TB and AIDS.

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107
Q

Weight loss

A

Frequent symptom in tuberculosis and AIDS patients.

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108
Q

Swollen lymph glands

A

Common indicator of HIV infection.

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109
Q

Mental status changes

A

Possible symptom of advanced HIV infection.

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110
Q

SARS

A

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; reemerged as SARS-COV.

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111
Q

West Nile Virus

A

Transmitted via infected mosquito bites.

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112
Q

Transmission of WNV

A

Mosquitoes feed on infected birds.

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113
Q

Asymptomatic Infection

A

Most WNV infections show no symptoms.

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114
Q

Severe Symptoms of WNV

A

Includes high fever, confusion, and paralysis.

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115
Q

Mild Symptoms of WNV

A

Includes fever, headache, and body aches.

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116
Q

Duration of Severe WNV Symptoms

A

May last several weeks, some permanent.

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117
Q

Duration of Mild WNV Symptoms

A

Lasts few days to several weeks.

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118
Q

Standard Precautions

A

Protective measures against virus transmission.

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119
Q

Ebola Virus Disease

A

A viral hemorrhagic fever endemic to Africa.

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120
Q

Ebola Outbreak 2014

A

Largest outbreak with significant fatalities.

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121
Q

Signs of Ebola

A

Includes high fever and severe hemorrhage.

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122
Q

EVD Symptom Onset

A

Symptoms appear days after exposure.

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123
Q

Transmission of Ebola

A

Through blood and body fluids.

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124
Q

Zika Virus Disease

A

Spread by infected mosquito bites.

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125
Q

Zika’s Geographic Spread

A

Expanded to Latin America and Caribbean.

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126
Q

Zika Symptoms

A

Includes fever, rash, and conjunctivitis.

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127
Q

Zika Symptom Duration

A

Symptoms resolve within days in healthy individuals.

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128
Q

Zika and Pregnancy

A

Can cause birth defects if transmitted.

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129
Q

Zika Prevention

A

Avoid mosquito bites and sexual transmission.

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130
Q

Multidrug-Resistant Organisms

A

Pathogens resistant to standard antimicrobial drugs.

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131
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotic-resistant pathogen.

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132
Q

VRE

A

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci, resistant to vancomycin antibiotic.

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133
Q

PRSP

A

Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, resistant to penicillin.

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134
Q

DRSP

A

Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, resistant to multiple drugs.

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135
Q

MDR TB

A

Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis, resistant to standard treatments.

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136
Q

XDR TB

A

Extensively drug-resistant Tuberculosis, resistant to most drugs.

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137
Q

Colistin-resistant E. coli

A

Escherichia coli resistant to colistin antibiotic.

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138
Q

Infection transmission

A

Spread through direct contact or respiratory droplets.

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139
Q

Standard Precautions

A

Basic infection control practices for healthcare workers.

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140
Q

Hand-washing procedures

A

Critical hygiene practice to prevent infection spread.

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141
Q

Novel pathogens

A

Newly identified pathogens causing emerging infectious diseases.

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142
Q

Travel history

A

Patient’s recent travel details, important for diagnosis.

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143
Q

COVID-19 pandemic

A

Global outbreak of coronavirus affecting healthcare systems.

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144
Q

SARS-CoV-2

A

Virus responsible for COVID-19 infection.

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145
Q

Asymptomatic patients

A

Individuals showing no symptoms of infection.

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146
Q

Subclinical infection

A

Infection without noticeable symptoms in the patient.

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147
Q

Personal protective equipment

A

Gear worn to minimize exposure to hazards.

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148
Q

Comirnaty

A

COVID-19 vaccine by Pfizer-BioNTech, FDA approved.

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149
Q

Spikevax

A

COVID-19 vaccine by Moderna, FDA approved.

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150
Q

Infectious disease risk

A

Potential exposure to pathogens during patient care.

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151
Q

Long-term care facilities

A

Healthcare settings for patients needing extended care.

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152
Q

Chronic wounds

A

Long-lasting injuries susceptible to infections.

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153
Q

Emergency Medical Services (EMS)

A

Healthcare service providing emergency medical response.

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154
Q

COVID-19 vaccines

A

Provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 virus.

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155
Q

SARS-CoV-2

A

Virus responsible for COVID-19 disease.

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156
Q

Emerging variants

A

New virus strains with potential vaccine resistance.

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157
Q

Vaccine efficacy

A

Reduces hospitalization and mortality rates.

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158
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Study of disease mechanisms in COVID-19.

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159
Q

Hypoxia

A

Low oxygen levels in the body.

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160
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Deficient oxygen in the blood.

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161
Q

Virion

A

Infectious virus particle with nucleic acid.

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162
Q

Capsid

A

Protein shell surrounding viral genetic material.

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163
Q

Envelope

A

Greasy coat from infected cell membranes.

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164
Q

Viral genome

A

Contains instructions for virus replication.

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165
Q

RNA viruses

A

Most viruses infecting mammals have RNA genomes.

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166
Q

Lysis

A

Process of cell membrane breaking to release virus.

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167
Q

Budding

A

Virus exits cell through membrane without lysis.

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168
Q

Respiratory droplets

A

Primary transmission method of viruses.

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169
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Entry point for viruses in the body.

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170
Q

Infection process

A

Virus tricks cells to allow entry.

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171
Q

Soap effectiveness

A

Disrupts viral greasy coat, preventing infection.

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172
Q

Viral replication

A

Virus produces copies within host cells.

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173
Q

Viral proteins

A

Necessary for virus assembly and infection.

174
Q

Cell membrane

A

Barrier that viruses must breach to infect.

175
Q

Infected surfaces

A

Viruses can survive on surfaces for transmission.

176
Q

Oxygenation management

A

Focus for EMS providers in COVID-19 patients.

177
Q

Viral transmission

A

Spread through droplets or surface contact.

178
Q

COVID-19

A

Disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus.

179
Q

SARS-CoV-2

A

Novel coronavirus identified in 2019 outbreak.

180
Q

Pandemic

A

Widespread disease affecting multiple countries or continents.

181
Q

Pyroptosis

A

Programmed cell death following viral infection.

182
Q

Cytokine Storm

A

Severe inflammatory response with elevated cytokine levels.

183
Q

ACE Receptor

A

Entry point for SARS-CoV-2 into host cells.

184
Q

Spike Protein

A

Viral protein that binds to ACE receptors.

185
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

Viral component deposited in host cell cytoplasm.

186
Q

Cytokines

A

Small proteins important for cell signaling during immunity.

187
Q

Chemokines

A

Type of cytokine that directs immune cell movement.

188
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

Immune cells that phagocytose viruses and activate T cells.

189
Q

Proinflammatory Cytokines

A

Cytokines that promote inflammation in response to infection.

190
Q

Pulmonary Macrophages

A

Immune cells that engulf pathogens in the lungs.

191
Q

Viral Propagation

A

Process of virus spreading to other cells.

192
Q

Respiratory Droplets

A

Large droplets that transmit the virus during close contact.

193
Q

Severe Hypoxia

A

Critical lack of oxygen in the body.

194
Q

Common Cold

A

Mild viral infection caused by coronaviruses.

195
Q

SARS

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronaviruses.

196
Q

MERS

A

Middle East respiratory syndrome caused by coronaviruses.

197
Q

Vesicles

A

Membrane-bound sacs transporting viral particles.

198
Q

Infection Process

A

Sequence of events from virus entry to cell death.

199
Q

Immune Response

A

Body’s defense mechanism against pathogens.

200
Q

Antigen-specific T Cells

A

T cells that target specific antigens in infections.

201
Q

Injury to Airway Cells

A

Damage caused by viral infection leading to cell death.

202
Q

Cytokine Storm

A

Excessive cytokine release causing immune response damage.

203
Q

Hypercytokinemia

A

Another term for cytokine storm.

204
Q

Pulmonary Capillary Permeability

A

Increased permeability leading to fluid leakage in lungs.

205
Q

Alveolar-Capillary Interface

A

Area for gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries.

206
Q

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

A

Severe condition causing gas exchange difficulties.

207
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Low oxygen levels in the blood.

208
Q

Hypercapnia

A

Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

209
Q

Thrombosis

A

Clot formation linked to inflammation and cytokines.

210
Q

Microvascular Injury

A

Damage to small blood vessels during severe infections.

211
Q

Cellular Ischemia

A

Insufficient blood supply leading to cell dysfunction.

212
Q

Anaerobic Metabolism

A

Energy production without oxygen, yielding lactic acid.

213
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A

Cellular mechanism maintaining ion balance using ATP.

214
Q

Fluid Accumulation

A

Excess fluid in alveoli impeding gas exchange.

215
Q

Pneumonia

A

Lung infection often resulting from COVID-19.

216
Q

Infection Progression

A

Advancement from respiratory to multisystem organ failure.

217
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

Body’s reaction causing tissue damage during infection.

218
Q

Gas Exchange Disturbances

A

Impaired oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer in lungs.

219
Q

ATP Production

A

Energy generation essential for cell function.

220
Q

Carbonic Acid Formation

A

Result of elevated carbon dioxide and water reaction.

221
Q

Acid-Base Balance

A

Homeostasis of pH levels in the body.

222
Q

Capillary Leakage

A

Fluid escape from capillaries into surrounding tissues.

223
Q

Respiratory Droplets

A

Main transmission method of COVID-19 infection.

224
Q

Severe COVID-19 Patients

A

Individuals experiencing critical symptoms and complications.

225
Q

Acid Effects

A

Depresses enzyme function, damages cell structures.

226
Q

Cell Membrane Breach

A

Leads to cell death after membrane damage.

227
Q

COVID-19 Inflammatory Process

A

Causes blood clotting and micro emboli formation.

228
Q

Pulmonary Circulation Clots

A

Obstructs blood flow, decreases oxygen exchange.

229
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Severe oxygen deficiency in the blood.

230
Q

Organ Failure

A

Result of arterial blood occlusion from clots.

231
Q

Cardiac Ischemia

A

Insufficient blood supply to cardiac tissue.

232
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

Heart attack due to blocked blood flow.

233
Q

Kidney Injury

A

Common in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

234
Q

Renal Arteries Clots

A

Speculated cause of kidney damage in COVID-19.

235
Q

COVID-19 Clinical Stages

A

Divided into three phases based on symptoms.

236
Q

Stage 1: Asymptomatic

A

Initial infection phase with limited immune response.

237
Q

Stage 2: Upper Respiratory Symptoms

A

Virus spreads down respiratory tract, immune triggered.

238
Q

Stage 3: Severe Infection

A

Infection extends to alveoli, causing pneumonia-like symptoms.

239
Q

Alveolar Damage

A

Diffuse damage leading to ARDS and hypoxemia.

240
Q

Older Adults Risk

A

Higher risk due to weaker immune response.

241
Q

COVID-19 Transmission

A

Spreads through droplets from infected individuals.

242
Q

Infection Proximity

A

Closer individuals more likely to contract virus.

243
Q

Nasal Swabs Testing

A

Preferred method for detecting COVID-19 virus.

244
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

Body’s reaction to infection causing symptoms.

245
Q

Scarring of Lung Tissue

A

Occurs during repair attempts post-infection.

246
Q

Virus Entry Points

A

Eyes, nose, and mouth allow virus access.

247
Q

Respiratory Tract Infection

A

Virus replicates and spreads through airways.

248
Q

Droplet Transmission

A

Spread via small droplets from exhaling, sneezing, coughing.

249
Q

Direct Contact Transmission

A

Virus introduced through touching contaminated surfaces.

250
Q

Incubation Period

A

Time from exposure to symptom onset, 2-14 days.

251
Q

Alpha Variant

A

First identified in UK, spreads faster, severe illness.

252
Q

Beta Variant

A

First identified in South Africa, less severe illness.

253
Q

Gamma Variant

A

First identified in Japan and Brazil, moderate spread.

254
Q

Delta Variant

A

First identified in India, causes severe illness.

255
Q

Mu Variant

A

First identified in Colombia, not a major concern.

256
Q

Vaccine Effectiveness

A

Vaccines reduce severity and spread of variants.

257
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies

A

Treatments less effective against certain variants.

258
Q

Personal Protective Equipment

A

Gloves and eye protection for EMS personnel.

259
Q

Hand Hygiene

A

Frequent handwashing to prevent virus transmission.

260
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

Virus enters through eyes, nose, or mouth.

261
Q

Patient Compartment Risks

A

Close proximity increases transmission risk in ambulances.

262
Q

Variants of Concern

A

Variants monitored for spread and severity impact.

263
Q

PCR Testing

A

Identifies current variants of COVID-19.

264
Q

Coughing and Sneezing

A

Major sources of droplet transmission.

265
Q

Bag-Valve-Mask Ventilation

A

Potential for virus spread during EMS procedures.

266
Q

Symptoms Onset

A

Signs appear within days post-exposure.

267
Q

Viral Evolution

A

Viruses constantly change, leading to new variants.

268
Q

Infection Rates

A

Delta variant causes greater number of infections.

269
Q

Vaccine Types

A

Pfizer, Moderna, Johnson & Johnson effective against variants.

270
Q

Mu variant

A

Variant with vaccine resistance concerns.

271
Q

Omicron variant

A

Identified in November 2021, bypasses vaccine immunity.

272
Q

MIS

A

Serious inflammatory condition linked to COVID-19.

273
Q

MIS-C

A

MIS in patients under 21 years old.

274
Q

MIS-A

A

MIS in patients 21 years and older.

275
Q

MIS symptoms

A

Includes fever, abdominal pain, and rash.

276
Q

Reinfection

A

Infection after recovery from a previous COVID-19 case.

277
Q

Post-COVID conditions

A

Symptoms persisting four weeks post-infection.

278
Q

Long COVID

A

Chronic symptoms following COVID-19 infection.

279
Q

Common post-COVID symptoms

A

Includes fatigue, cough, and joint pain.

280
Q

Dyspnea

A

Increased respiratory effort or difficulty breathing.

281
Q

Brain fog

A

Cognitive impairment following COVID-19 infection.

282
Q

High-risk groups

A

Older adults and those with chronic illnesses.

283
Q

Asthma risk

A

COVID-19 can trigger asthma attacks.

284
Q

Severe illness

A

Higher risk in older adults and chronic conditions.

285
Q

Sub-variants

A

Numerous variants derived from the omicron variant.

286
Q

Inflammation

A

Body’s response causing swelling and pain.

287
Q

Therapeutics

A

Treatments aimed at managing COVID-19 effects.

288
Q

Vaccine immunity

A

Protection provided by vaccination against infection.

289
Q

Symptoms of MIS

A

Includes chest pain, vomiting, and hypotension.

290
Q

Pneumonia

A

Lung infection often related to COVID-19.

291
Q

ARDS

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome from COVID-19.

292
Q

Support groups

A

Communities formed to assist post-COVID patients.

293
Q

Asthma attack

A

Increased airway resistance worsens hypoxemia.

294
Q

Chronic lung disease

A

Includes COPD, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.

295
Q

Diabetes

A

Chronic high blood glucose damages organs.

296
Q

COVID-19 risk

A

Diabetes increases severe illness risk.

297
Q

Heart failure

A

Heart’s inability to pump effectively.

298
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

Narrowing of heart arteries affecting blood flow.

299
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

Increased blood pressure in lung arteries.

300
Q

Chronic kidney disease

A

Long-term kidney dysfunction requiring dialysis.

301
Q

Severe obesity

A

BMI of 30 or above; affects pulmonary function.

302
Q

ARDS

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome; severe lung condition.

303
Q

Older adults

A

Individuals aged 65 years or older.

304
Q

Immune system decline

A

Aging leads to weakened immune response.

305
Q

Long-term care residents

A

Elderly or chronically ill individuals in communal settings.

306
Q

Liver disease

A

Chronic conditions like cirrhosis increase infection risk.

307
Q

Immunocompromised

A

Weakened immune system due to various conditions.

308
Q

Smoking effects

A

Decreases immune response and increases infection risk.

309
Q

Chronic inflammatory response

A

Leads to hypoxemia and worsens existing conditions.

310
Q

Severe illness

A

Increased morbidity and mortality risk from conditions.

311
Q

Vascular damage

A

Preexisting damage increases COVID-19 severity.

312
Q

Cell and tissue damage

A

Hypoxemia can lead to organ failure.

313
Q

COVID-19 immune response

A

Can exacerbate existing health conditions.

314
Q

Personal protection

A

Precautions for EMS providers against hazards.

315
Q

Infectious Diseases

A

Diseases caused by pathogens like viruses or bacteria.

316
Q

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

A

Gear worn to minimize exposure to hazards.

317
Q

CDC

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, health protection agency.

318
Q

N95 Mask

A

Respirator mask filtering at least 95% airborne particles.

319
Q

Eye Protection

A

Goggles or face shields to protect eyes from contamination.

320
Q

Disposable Gloves

A

Single-use gloves to prevent cross-contamination.

321
Q

Gown

A

Protective clothing worn to prevent contamination.

322
Q

Hand Hygiene

A

Practice of cleaning hands to prevent infection.

323
Q

Aerosol-generating Procedures

A

Medical procedures that produce airborne particles.

324
Q

Bag-Valve Mask (BVM)

A

Device for providing positive pressure ventilation.

325
Q

Oropharyngeal Suctioning

A

Clearing airway secretions using suctioning device.

326
Q

Endotracheal Suctioning

A

Suctioning to clear the trachea of secretions.

327
Q

Small-Volume Nebulizer

A

Device delivering medication in aerosol form.

328
Q

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)

A

Non-invasive ventilation providing continuous airway pressure.

329
Q

Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP)

A

Non-invasive ventilation with two pressure settings.

330
Q

Endotracheal Intubation

A

Placement of tube in trachea for ventilation.

331
Q

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

A

Emergency procedure to restore breathing and circulation.

332
Q

FDA Approved Vaccines

A

Vaccines authorized for public use by the FDA.

333
Q

Emergency Use Authorization (EUA)

A

Temporary approval for medical products during emergencies.

334
Q

Comirnaty

A

Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for COVID-19.

335
Q

Spikevax

A

Moderna vaccine for COVID-19.

336
Q

Janssen Vaccine

A

Johnson & Johnson vaccine, single-dose COVID-19 vaccine.

337
Q

mRNA Vaccine

A

Vaccine using messenger RNA to instruct cells.

338
Q

Protein Subunit Vaccine

A

Vaccine using harmless virus proteins to elicit immunity.

339
Q

T-lymphocytes

A

White blood cells that fight viral infections.

340
Q

B-lymphocytes

A

Cells that produce antibodies against pathogens.

341
Q

Viral Vector Vaccine

A

Contains modified virus with COVID-19 material.

342
Q

mRNA Vaccine

A

Vaccines using messenger RNA to instruct cells.

343
Q

Pfizer BioNTech

A

An mRNA vaccine for COVID-19.

344
Q

Moderna

A

Another mRNA vaccine for COVID-19.

345
Q

Johnson & Johnson

A

A viral vector vaccine for COVID-19.

346
Q

Public Service Answering Points (PSAPs)

A

Call centers for emergency medical services.

347
Q

Scene Size-up

A

Initial assessment of safety at an emergency scene.

348
Q

Primary Assessment

A

Identifying and managing immediate life threats.

349
Q

Airway Management

A

Techniques to maintain a patient’s airway.

350
Q

Mechanical Airway Device

A

Tools like tubes for airway support.

351
Q

Endotracheal Tube

A

Tube inserted into the trachea for ventilation.

352
Q

Supraglottic Airway Device

A

Airway device placed above the vocal cords.

353
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Amount of air per breath during ventilation.

354
Q

Positive Pressure Ventilation

A

Technique to assist breathing using pressure.

355
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Increased respiratory rate and tidal volume.

356
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Decreased respiratory rate and tidal volume.

357
Q

Respiratory Rate

A

Number of breaths taken per minute.

358
Q

Adequate Ventilation

A

Sufficient respiratory rate and tidal volume.

359
Q

PPE

A

Personal protective equipment for safety.

360
Q

Oxygenation Compromise

A

Insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues.

361
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Low oxygen levels in the blood, causing fatigue.

362
Q

Hypercarbia

A

Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

363
Q

Happy Hypoxic

A

Patients with severe hypoxia but minimal distress.

364
Q

Oxygen Therapy

A

Treatment to increase oxygen levels in patients.

365
Q

Pulse Oximeter

A

Device measuring blood oxygen saturation levels.

366
Q

Nonrebreather Mask

A

Mask providing high oxygen concentration to patients.

367
Q

Nasal Cannula

A

Device delivering supplemental oxygen through the nose.

368
Q

Signs of Hypoxemia

A

Indicators include cyanosis, tachycardia, and confusion.

369
Q

OPQRST Mnemonic

A

Tool for assessing onset and duration of symptoms.

370
Q

Comorbid Factors

A

Existing conditions increasing COVID-19 severity risk.

371
Q

Asymptomatic COVID-19

A

Positive test with no clinical signs or symptoms.

372
Q

Mild COVID-19

A

Upper respiratory or digestive symptoms present.

373
Q

Moderate COVID-19

A

Pneumonia without hypoxemia, normal chest X-ray.

374
Q

Severe COVID-19

A

Pneumonia with hypoxemia requiring urgent care.

375
Q

Critical COVID-19

A

Severe complications like ARDS and heart failure.

376
Q

Chest Assessment

A

Evaluate breath sounds for pneumonia or ARDS.

377
Q

Jugular Venous Distension

A

Sign of right-ventricular failure from pulmonary issues.

378
Q

Rales

A

Abnormal lung sounds indicating fluid presence.

379
Q

Tachypnea

A

Rapid breathing often associated with hypoxemia.

380
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish discoloration indicating severe oxygen deficiency.

381
Q

Secondary Assessment

A

Collecting history to confirm COVID-19 infection.

382
Q

Signs of COVID-19

A

Include fever, cough, fatigue, and loss of taste.

383
Q

Cardiac Arrest

A

Condition requiring chest compressions and CPR.

384
Q

CDC-recommended PPE

A

Personal protective equipment for healthcare safety.

385
Q

Rhonchi

A

Abnormal lung sounds from increased mucus production.

386
Q

Presacral edema

A

Swelling in lower back from heart failure.

387
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Low blood oxygen levels causing systemic vasoconstriction.

388
Q

Pulse oximeter

A

Device to monitor patient’s oxygenation status.

389
Q

Continuous EKG monitor

A

Device to assess patient’s heart rhythm continuously.

390
Q

End-tidal monitor

A

Measures effectiveness of ventilation, not oxygenation.

391
Q

Patent airway

A

Open airway essential for patient survival.

392
Q

Oxygen therapy

A

Administering oxygen to maintain adequate oxygenation.

393
Q

Nonrebreather mask

A

High-flow oxygen device for severe respiratory distress.

394
Q

Positive pressure ventilation (PPV)

A

Assisted breathing for patients in respiratory failure.

395
Q

CDC COVID-19 precautions

A

Guidelines for safely managing suspected COVID-19 patients.

396
Q

Transport isolation

A

Keeping COVID-19 patients separate during transport.

397
Q

HEPA ventilation system

A

High-efficiency filter system for air exchange.

398
Q

Negative pressure

A

Airflow that prevents contamination from patient compartment.

399
Q

Air changes per hour

A

Rate of air replacement in a space.

400
Q

Disposable gown

A

Single-use protective clothing for cleaning.

401
Q

Cleaning guidelines

A

CDC recommendations for disinfecting EMS vehicles.

402
Q

Suction secretions

A

Clearing airway by removing mucus or fluids.

403
Q

Titrate oxygen

A

Adjusting oxygen flow to achieve target saturation.

404
Q

Transport documentation

A

Record of care and contact during patient transport.

405
Q

Ambulance ventilation

A

Setting to nonrecirculate to prevent contamination.

406
Q

Patient compartment isolation

A

Separating driver from patient during transport.

407
Q

Rear exhaust fan

A

Ventilation feature to expel contaminated air.

408
Q

Eye Protection

A

Wear during cleaning to prevent splashes.

409
Q

Face Shield

A

Protects face from sprays while cleaning.

410
Q

Approved Disinfecting Solutions

A

Use EPA-registered, hospital-grade disinfectants.

411
Q

Adequate Ventilation

A

Ensure airflow when cleaning to reduce exposure.

412
Q

EPA-Registered Disinfectant

A

Disinfectant approved for effective pathogen elimination.

413
Q

Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)

A

Guidelines for cleaning and disinfecting protocols.

414
Q

Contaminated Surfaces

A

Clean surfaces that contact patients or contaminants.

415
Q

Reusable Equipment

A

Clean and disinfect equipment used on patients.

416
Q

Contaminated PPE

A

Dispose according to SOP to prevent spread.

417
Q

Launder Linens

A

Avoid shaking; follow SOP for cleaning.

418
Q

COVID-19 Exposure Risk

A

High risk for EMS providers during patient care.

419
Q

Asymptomatic Infection

A

Infected individuals showing no symptoms.

420
Q

Severe Hypoxemia

A

Low oxygen levels without typical breathing difficulty.

421
Q

Vascular Disease

A

COVID-19 complications include clotting and strokes.

422
Q

Primary EMS Treatment

A

Focus on supportive care and oxygenation.

423
Q

Ambulance Cleaning

A

Thoroughly clean after transporting COVID-19 patients.

424
Q

Routes of Exposure

A

Ways pathogens enter the body: ingestion, absorption.

425
Q

Ingestion

A

Pathogen entry through swallowing contaminated substances.

426
Q

Absorption

A

Pathogen entry through skin contact.

427
Q

Inhalation

A

Pathogen entry via breathing contaminated air.

428
Q

Injection

A

Pathogen entry through a puncture in the skin.

429
Q

Activated Charcoal Administration

A

Used to treat certain poisonings; follow specific steps.

430
Q

Medical Direction Order

A

Required before administering activated charcoal.

431
Q

Patient Observation

A

Monitor patient while drinking activated charcoal.

432
Q

Record Keeping

A

Document dose and time of charcoal administration.

EMT (13 decks)

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