Chapter 22 Part 6 Flashcards
1
Q
Abnormal breath odors
A
Unusual smells indicating possible poisoning or exposure.
2
Q
Inhalation
A
Breathing in harmful substances or gases.
3
Q
Nausea
A
Feeling of sickness with an urge to vomit.
4
Q
Vomiting
A
Expelling stomach contents through the mouth.
5
Q
Diarrhea
A
Frequent, watery bowel movements.
6
Q
Altered mental status
A
Changes in consciousness or cognitive function.
7
Q
Abnormal skin color
A
Changes in skin hue indicating health issues.
8
Q
Dyspnea
A
Difficulty or labored breathing.
9
Q
Seizures
A
Sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain.
10
Q
Burns to the respiratory tract
A
Injury to airways from inhaled hot gases.
11
Q
Stridor
A
High-pitched wheezing indicating airway obstruction.
12
Q
Sooty sputum
A
Dark, black mucus indicating smoke inhalation.
13
Q
Known exposure to toxic gas
A
Previous contact with harmful airborne substances.
14
Q
Respiratory depression
A
Decreased breathing rate and effort.
15
Q
Sweating
A
Excessive perspiration often due to stress or toxins.
16
Q
Tearing
A
Excessive production of tears, often from irritation.
17
Q
Constricted pupils
A
Narrowed pupils often linked to opioid use.
18
Q
Dizziness
A
Feeling lightheaded or unsteady.
19
Q
Injection site reactions
A
Local pain, redness, and swelling from injections.
20
Q
Metallic taste
A
Unpleasant flavor often associated with poisoning.
21
Q
Anticholinergic toxidrome
A
Symptoms include flushed skin, dry mouth, and tachycardia.
22
Q
Cholinergic toxidrome (DUMBELS)
A
Signs include diarrhea, urination, and muscle weakness.
23
Q
Opioid toxidrome
A
Characterized by respiratory depression and pinpoint pupils.
24
Q
Sedative hypnotic toxidrome
A
CNS depression with ataxia and slurred speech.
25
Stimulant toxidrome
Symptoms include tachycardia, hypertension, and hyperthermia.
26
Serotonin Syndrome
Presentation with agitation, hyperreflexia, and tremors.
27
Patient management assessment
Steps to ensure safety and evaluate patient condition.
28
Carboxyhemoglobin assessment
Measurement of carbon monoxide levels in blood.
29
Ingestion History
Details of substance intake before ED arrival.
30
Route of Exposure
Method by which a toxin enters the body.
31
Quantity of Medication
Amount of substance ingested or exposed.
32
Alcohol Intoxication
Consumption of alcoholic beverages affecting consciousness.
33
Cardiovascular History
Patient's past heart-related medical conditions.
34
Needle Marks
Signs of intravenous drug use or injections.
35
Paraphernalia
Items associated with drug use or abuse.
36
Physical Examination
Comprehensive assessment of patient's physical condition.
37
Patent Airway
Open airway ensuring unobstructed breathing.
38
Oxygen Saturation Target
Goal to maintain adequate oxygen levels.
39
Fluid Bolus
Rapid infusion of fluids to improve circulation.
40
Activated Charcoal
Substance used to absorb toxins in overdose cases.
41
Acetaminophen Overdose
Excessive intake of pain reliever causing toxicity.
42
Benzodiazepine Overdose
Excessive intake of anxiety medications requiring support.
43
Caustic Substances
Harmful chemicals causing burns or injury upon contact.
44
Opiate Overdose
Excessive intake of opioids requiring specific treatment.
45
SSRIs
Medications affecting serotonin levels, potential overdose risks.
46
TCA Overdose
Excessive intake of tricyclic antidepressants affecting heart.
47
Environmental Safety
Ensuring safe surroundings for patient and clinician.
48
Vital Signs Monitoring
Regular checks of heart rate, blood pressure, etc.
49
Regional Poison Center
Resource for managing toxic exposures and outcomes.
50
Seizures Guideline
Protocol for managing seizure activity in patients.
51
Poison Control Centers
National toll-free resource for poison advice.
52
Activated Charcoal
Adjunct treatment for certain poisonings.
53
Ipecac
Not recommended for poisoning; production stopped.
54
COVID-19 Pandemic
Highlighted EMS role in public health.
55
Hepatitis B
Liver virus transmitted through blood and fluids.
56
Chronic Carrier
Asymptomatic individual spreading hepatitis B.
57
Signs of Hepatitis B
Symptoms include fatigue, jaundice, dark urine.
58
Protective Gloves
Worn to prevent blood exposure in EMS.
59
Vaccination Requirement
OSHA mandates hepatitis B vaccination for EMS.
60
Soiled Refuse Disposal
Double-bag and seal according to protocol.
61
Hepatitis B Exposure Protocol
Report incidents and follow exposure policies.
62
HBIG Injection
Post-exposure treatment for hepatitis B.
63
Hepatitis C
Most common bloodborne infection in the U.S.
64
Occupational Exposure Risk
Low for hepatitis C via needlestick.
65
Symptoms of Hepatitis C
Includes jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain.
66
Standard Precautions
Essential for handling body fluids in EMS.
67
Tuberculosis
Resurgent infectious disease requiring caution.
68
Infectious Disease Awareness
Critical for EMTs during patient care.
69
Emergency Personnel Testing
Recommended after potential hepatitis C exposure.
70
Bloodborne Infection
Pathogen transmitted through blood contact.
71
Entrohepatic Poisoning
Involves toxins recirculating through the liver.
72
Aspiration Risk
Potential danger during activated charcoal administration.
73
Public Health Role of EMS
Involvement in vaccination and patient transport.
74
Tuberculosis
Bacterial infection primarily affecting lungs.
75
Drug-resistant strains
Bacteria that resist standard antibiotic treatments.
76
Transmission
Spread through droplets from cough or sputum.
77
Vulnerable populations
Groups at higher risk for infection.
78
Signs of tuberculosis
Fever, cough, night sweats, weight loss.
79
HEPA respirators
High-efficiency masks for airborne pathogen protection.
80
Protective gloves
Disposable gloves to prevent contact with fluids.
81
Artificial ventilation
Emergency breathing support using approved equipment.
82
Tuberculocidal agent
Disinfectant effective against tuberculosis bacteria.
83
HIV
Virus causing Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
84
AIDS
Syndrome from HIV leading to immune system failure.
85
Modes of HIV transmission
Sexual contact, needles, blood products, mother-child.
86
Opportunistic infections
Infections exploiting weakened immune systems.
87
Symptoms of AIDS
Fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue.
88
Standard Precautions
Infection control practices to reduce transmission risk.
89
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Respiratory virus outbreak identified in 2003.
90
SARS-COV-2
Variant of SARS virus causing recent outbreaks.
91
West Nile Virus (WNV)
Mosquito-borne virus primarily from infected birds.
92
Symptoms of WNV
Most infected individuals show no symptoms.
93
Occupational exposure
Risk of infection through work-related activities.
94
Infected sputum
Mucus containing pathogens from an infected individual.
95
Lymph glands
Swollen glands indicating infection or immune response.
96
West Nile Virus (WNV)
Virus causing mild to severe neurological symptoms.
97
Severe Symptoms of WNV
Include high fever, seizures, paralysis, and confusion.
98
Mild Symptoms of WNV
Include fever, headache, nausea, and skin rash.
99
Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)
Viral hemorrhagic fever with high fatality rates.
100
Symptoms of EVD
Include high fever, severe headache, and hemorrhage.
101
Transmission of EVD
Through blood and body fluids of infected individuals.
102
Zika Virus Disease (ZVD)
Mosquito-borne virus causing mild symptoms and birth defects.
103
Symptoms of ZVD
Include fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis.
104
Zika Transmission
Can occur through mosquito bites and sexual contact.
105
Multidrug-Resistant Organisms
Pathogens resistant to standard antimicrobial treatments.
106
Standard Precautions
Infection control practices to prevent disease transmission.
107
EVD Outbreaks
Occur primarily in Africa with high mortality risks.
108
Zika Virus Spread
Expanded to Americas since 2015, affecting pregnant women.
109
Duration of WNV Symptoms
Severe symptoms may last weeks; mild symptoms days.
110
EVD Symptom Onset
Symptoms appear days after exposure to the virus.
111
ZVD Symptom Resolution
Symptoms generally resolve within days in healthy individuals.
112
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Specialized gear for protection against infectious diseases.
113
Mosquito Bite Risk
Primary transmission route for WNV and Zika.
114
Fatalities from EVD
2014 outbreak had estimated thousands of deaths.
115
Zika Prevention
Avoid mosquito bites and sexual contact with infected.
116
EVD in North America
No reported cases as of current writing.
117
Chronic Wound Patients
At risk for multidrug-resistant organisms exposure.
118
Healthcare Facility Risks
Higher likelihood of encountering resistant pathogens.
119
MRSA
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotic-resistant pathogen.
120
VRE
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci, resistant to vancomycin antibiotic.
121
PRSP
Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, resistant to penicillin.
122
DRSP
Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, resistant to multiple drugs.
123
MDR TB
Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis, resistant to first-line drugs.
124
XDR TB
Extensively drug-resistant Tuberculosis, resistant to second-line drugs.
125
Colistin-resistant E. coli
Escherichia coli resistant to colistin antibiotic.
126
Infection types
Includes pneumonia, blood, ear, sinus, skin infections.
127
Transmission methods
Direct contact or respiratory droplets spread infections.
128
Standard Precautions
Basic infection control practices for healthcare providers.
129
Hand-washing procedures
Essential hygiene practice to prevent infection spread.
130
Novel pathogens
Newly identified pathogens causing emerging infectious diseases.
131
Travel history importance
Recent travel can indicate potential novel infections.
132
COVID-19 impact
Significantly affected EMS providers during the pandemic.
133
SARS-CoV-2
Virus responsible for COVID-19 infection.
134
Asymptomatic patients
Patients showing no symptoms but may carry virus.
135
Long-term care facilities
Higher rates of COVID-19 infections observed here.
136
Vaccination recommendations
Comirnaty and Spikevax vaccines are FDA approved.
137
Vaccine effectiveness
Reduces hospitalization and mortality from COVID-19.
138
Emerging variants
New virus variants may limit vaccine protection.
139
Pathophysiology of COVID-19
Ongoing research into disease mechanisms and effects.
140
Differential diagnosis
Process of distinguishing between different diseases.
141
Personal protective equipment
Gear used to protect EMS providers from infection.
142
Hypoxia
Deficiency of oxygen in the body tissues.
143
Pulmonary System
Body system responsible for gas exchange.
144
EMS Provider
Emergency Medical Services professional assisting patients.
145
Oxygenation
Process of providing oxygen to the body.
146
Hypoxemia
Low oxygen levels in the blood.
147
Virus Particle
Non-living entity that requires a host cell.
148
Virion
Infectious virus particle with nucleic acid and protein.
149
RNA Virus
Virus containing ribonucleic acid as genetic material.
150
DNA Virus
Virus containing deoxyribonucleic acid as genetic material.
151
Capsid
Protein shell enclosing viral genetic material.
152
Envelope
Lipid layer derived from host cell membranes.
153
Budding
Process where virus exits cell without lysing it.
154
Lysis
Destruction of a cell to release viruses.
155
Respiratory Droplets
Tiny liquid particles expelled during breathing.
156
Mucous Membrane
Tissue lining body cavities, entry point for viruses.
157
SARS-CoV-2
Novel coronavirus responsible for COVID-19.
158
COVID-19
Disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
159
Pandemic
Global outbreak of a disease.
160
Social Distancing
Maintaining physical space to prevent virus spread.
161
Hand Washing
Critical hygiene practice to remove viruses.
162
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Gear worn to protect against infection.
163
Infection Process
Virus invades, replicates, and spreads to new cells.
164
Viral Genome
Genetic material directing virus replication.
165
Infectious Disease
Illness caused by pathogenic microorganisms.
166
Pandemic
Illness affecting large populations globally.
167
COVID-19
Viral infection causing severe respiratory complications.
168
Hypoxia
Deficiency of oxygen in tissues.
169
Pathophysiologic Mechanisms
Processes leading to disease symptoms.
170
Viral Invasion
Initial entry of virus into host cells.
171
Glycoproteins
Proteins on virus surface aiding infection.
172
Spike Protein
Viral protein binding to ACE receptors.
173
ACE Receptor
Entry point for COVID-19 virus.
174
Respiratory Droplets
Virus-laden droplets entering respiratory tract.
175
Cell Membrane Fusion
Process allowing virus entry into host cell.
176
Nucleocapsid
Viral RNA and proteins inside the virus.
177
RNA Replication
Process of duplicating viral genetic material.
178
Vesicles
Transporters for newly formed viral particles.
179
Pyroptosis
Programmed cell death after viral infection.
180
Proinflammatory Cytokines
Proteins signaling inflammation during immune response.
181
Chemokines
Cytokines that attract immune cells to infection.
182
Dendritic Cells
Immune cells engulfing and presenting virus.
183
Cytokine Storm
Excessive cytokine release causing severe inflammation.
184
Hypercytokinemia
Uncontrolled cytokine release during immune response.
185
Pulmonary Capillary Permeability
Increased fluid leakage from lung capillaries.
186
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Severe lung condition from fluid accumulation.
187
Thrombosis
Clot formation linked to inflammation.
188
Multisystem Organ Failure
Failure of multiple organ systems due to infection.
189
Abnormal clot formation
Clots forming inappropriately during COVID-19 infection.
190
Microvascular injury
Damage to small blood vessels in severe cases.
191
Pulmonary system
Primary respiratory system affected by COVID-19.
192
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Severe lung condition causing poor gas exchange.
193
Capillary permeability
Increased leakage in pulmonary capillaries during inflammation.
194
Hypercapnia
Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
195
Cellular ischemia
Insufficient blood supply leading to cell dysfunction.
196
Anaerobic metabolism
Energy production without oxygen, yielding lactic acid.
197
Sodium-potassium pump
Cellular mechanism maintaining ion balance using ATP.
198
Lactic acid
Byproduct of anaerobic metabolism causing cellular damage.
199
Cardiovascular effects
Impact of COVID-19 on heart and blood vessels.
200
Microemboli
Small clots obstructing blood flow in circulation.
201
Myocardial infarction
Heart attack due to insufficient blood supply.
202
Cardiac cell ischemia
Reduced blood flow causing heart muscle damage.
203
Organ failure
Loss of function in vital organs due to clotting.
204
Kidney injury
Damage to kidneys observed in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
205
Inflammatory response
Body's reaction causing tissue damage in severe cases.
206
Pneumonia
Lung infection that may develop from COVID-19.
207
Gas exchange
Process of oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer in lungs.
208
Fluid buildup
Accumulation of fluid in alveoli affecting gas exchange.
209
Critical ATP production
Essential energy generation for cell survival.
210
Acid-base balance
Homeostasis of pH levels disrupted by carbonic acid.
211
Kidney Damage Causes
Linked to blood clots and hypoxemia.
212
Clinical Stages of COVID-19
Divided into three phases for severity assessment.
213
Stage 1
Asymptomatic; virus replicates in nasal cavity.
214
Stage 2
Virus spreads to respiratory tract; immune response triggered.
215
Stage 3
Severe symptoms; alveolar damage and ARDS develop.
216
ARDS
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome; severe lung condition.
217
Viral Replication
Virus invades cells and multiplies.
218
Nasal Swabs
Preferred testing method; more sensitive than throat swabs.
219
Infection Spread
Occurs through droplets from infected individuals.
220
Droplet Transmission
Virus-laden droplets inhaled or contact mucous membranes.
221
Close Contact Risk
Increased infection likelihood within 6 feet.
222
Direct Contact Transmission
Touching contaminated surfaces then face.
223
Delta Variant
More contagious than original COVID-19 strain.
224
Incubation Period
Time from exposure to symptom onset; 2-14 days.
225
Upper Respiratory Symptoms
Signs related to inflammation in upper airways.
226
Lower Airway Infection
Virus infects lower respiratory tract and alveoli.
227
Immune Response
Body's defense mechanism against infections.
228
Alveolar Damage
Injury to lung tissue affecting gas exchange.
229
Scarring of Lung Tissue
Occurs during repair of damaged alveolar cells.
230
Respiratory Droplets
Small particles expelled during breathing or coughing.
231
Mucous Membranes
Tissues in eyes, nose, and mouth allowing virus entry.
232
CDC Variants Analogy
Describes virus changes using a tree analogy.
233
Variants of COVID-19
Different strains evolving from the original virus.
234
Alpha variant
First identified in the UK, spreads faster.
235
Beta variant
First identified in South Africa, less severe illness.
236
Gamma variant
First identified in Japan and Brazil, spreads faster.
237
Delta variant
First identified in India, causes severe illness.
238
Mu variant
First identified in Colombia, vaccine resistance concerns.
239
Omicron variant
First identified in November 2021, bypasses vaccine immunity.
240
PCR testing
Current method to identify COVID-19 variants.
241
Vaccine effectiveness
Current vaccines reduce severity and spread of variants.
242
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome
Serious condition linked to COVID-19 infection.
243
MIS-C
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in children under 21.
244
MIS-A
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in adults over 21.
245
Signs and symptoms
Evolving indicators associated with COVID-19 variants.
246
Therapeutics
Treatments used to combat COVID-19 variants.
247
Variants of concern
Variants monitored for spread and severity.
248
Infectiousness
How easily a variant spreads among populations.
249
Severity of illness
Impact of a variant on health outcomes.
250
Monoclonal antibodies
Targeted treatments, less effective against some variants.
251
Hospitalization rates
Frequency of patients requiring hospital care due to variants.
252
Global monitoring
Ongoing observation of emerging COVID-19 variants.
253
Sub-variants
New strains derived from predominant variants.
254
Inflammation
Body's response causing swelling in MIS.
255
Epidemiology
Study of how variants spread in populations.
256
MIS-A
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults.
257
MIS-C
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.
258
Fever
Elevated body temperature, often indicating infection.
259
Abdominal pain
Discomfort or pain in the stomach area.
260
Bloodshot eyes
Redness in the sclera of the eyes.
261
Chest pain
Discomfort or pain in the chest region.
262
Diarrhea
Frequent, loose, or watery bowel movements.
263
Severe fatigue
Extreme tiredness affecting daily activities.
264
Headache
Pain in the head or neck region.
265
Hypotension
Abnormally low blood pressure.
266
Neck pain
Discomfort or pain in the neck area.
267
Rash
Skin eruption or irritation.
268
Vomiting
Expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth.
269
Reinfection
Becoming infected again after recovery.
270
Post-COVID conditions
Ongoing symptoms after initial COVID-19 infection.
271
Long COVID
Chronic symptoms following COVID-19 recovery.
272
Brain fog
Cognitive impairment affecting memory and focus.
273
Palpitations
Irregular or rapid heartbeats.
274
Joint pain
Discomfort in the joints.
275
Chronic lung disease
Long-term respiratory conditions like COPD.
276
Diabetes
Chronic condition affecting blood sugar regulation.
277
High-risk conditions
Medical factors increasing severe illness risk.
278
Severe obesity
BMI of 30 or above, affects pulmonary function.
279
ARDS
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, complicates gas exchange.
280
Older adults
Individuals aged 65 years or older, immune-compromised.
281
Chronic illnesses
Long-term health conditions complicating recovery.
282
Long-term care facility residents
Elderly or chronically ill, high disease transmission risk.
283
Liver disease
Chronic conditions like cirrhosis, increases infection risk.
284
Immunocompromised
Weakened immune system due to various conditions.
285
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Gear to protect against infectious disease exposure.
286
CDC recommendations
Guidelines for PPE use in EMS settings.
287
N95 mask
High-level face mask, protects against airborne pathogens.
288
Eye protection
Goggles or face shields to prevent droplet exposure.
289
Disposable gloves
Single-use gloves to prevent contamination.
290
Gown
Protective clothing, especially during aerosolized treatments.
291
Infectious diseases
Diseases spread through pathogens like HIV, hepatitis.
292
Vaccination
Immunization against common infectious diseases.
293
Hypoxemia
Low oxygen levels in the blood, common in older adults.
294
Pulmonary function
Lung capacity and efficiency, declines with age.
295
Cardiac function
Heart efficiency, often decreases in older adults.
296
Morbidity
Incidence of disease or complications in patients.
297
Mortality
Rate of death in a specific population.
298
Sanitizer
Alcohol-based solution for hand hygiene.
299
Contamination
Unwanted presence of pathogens on surfaces or skin.
300
Respiratory droplets
Tiny droplets expelled during breathing or speaking.
301
PPE
Personal protective equipment to prevent infection spread.
302
Hand hygiene
Thorough washing with soap for minimum effectiveness.
303
Aerosol-generating procedures
Treatments that produce airborne particles.
304
Bag-valve mask (BVM)
Device used for ventilation during emergencies.
305
Oropharyngeal suctioning
Clearing airway by suctioning the throat.
306
Endotracheal suctioning
Suctioning within the trachea to clear secretions.
307
Small-volume nebulizer
Device delivering medication in aerosol form.
308
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
Machine providing constant airflow to keep airways open.
309
Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP)
Device offering two levels of pressure for breathing.
310
Endotracheal intubation
Inserting a tube into the trachea for ventilation.
311
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Emergency procedure to restore breathing and circulation.
312
HEPA-equipped HVAC
High-efficiency particulate air system for air filtration.
313
N95 mask
Respirator providing a higher level of filtration.
314
Vaccination
Process of administering a vaccine to induce immunity.
315
FDA-approved vaccines
Vaccines authorized for public use by the FDA.
316
Emergency Use Authorization (EUA)
Temporary approval for vaccines during public health emergencies.
317
Comirnaty
Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine.
318
Spikevax
Moderna COVID-19 vaccine.
319
Janssen vaccine
Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine under EUA.
320
mRNA vaccine
Vaccine using messenger RNA to instruct cells.
321
Protein subunit vaccine
Vaccine using harmless virus proteins for immunity.
322
Viral vector vaccine
Vaccine using modified virus to deliver COVID-19 material.
