Chapter 19 Flashcards
1
Q
Seizure
A
Sudden alteration in brain function due to electrical discharges.
2
Q
Convulsion
A
Muscle contractions occurring in some seizure types.
3
Q
Nonconvulsive seizure
A
Seizure type without muscle contractions.
4
Q
Epilepsy
A
Chronic disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures.
5
Q
Postictal state
A
Recovery period after a seizure, often with confusion.
6
Q
Generalized tonic-clonic seizure
A
Most common type, also called grand mal seizure.
7
Q
Recruitment
A
Process of neurons discharging synchronous electrical impulses.
8
Q
Cerebral cortex
A
Brain region where seizure initiation often occurs.
9
Q
Thalamus
A
Brain structure involved in seizure activity.
10
Q
Underlying defect
A
Condition that may cause seizures, not a disease itself.
11
Q
Incidence of epilepsy
A
High in children and those over 60 years.
12
Q
Postictal symptoms
A
Weakness, disorientation, and fatigue after a seizure.
13
Q
Seizure duration
A
Typical seizures last a few minutes.
14
Q
Seizure misdiagnosis
A
Seizures can be mistaken for strokes or fainting.
15
Q
Medical conditions causing seizures
A
Injuries or illnesses can also trigger seizure activity.
16
Q
Life-threatening conditions
A
EMTs must assess for these during seizure management.
17
Q
Airway compromise
A
Prolonged seizures can lead to breathing difficulties.
18
Q
Seizure assessment
A
Focus on managing altered mental status and safety.
19
Q
Electrical impulses
A
Discharges from neurons that trigger seizure activity.
20
Q
Seizure prevalence
A
Over 10% of U.S. population experiences a seizure.
21
Q
Seizure types
A
Include both convulsive and nonconvulsive categories.
22
Q
Traumatic causes
A
Injuries may lead to seizures in patients without history.
23
Q
Patient reassurance
A
EMTs should provide comfort during and after seizures.
24
Q
Brain Cell Damage
A
Injury from prolonged excessive neuron discharge.
25
Hypoxia
Oxygen deficiency leading to brain injury.
26
Acidosis
Excess acidity in body fluids affecting brain function.
27
Hyperthermia
Elevated body temperature causing potential brain damage.
28
Hypotension
Low blood pressure impacting cerebral blood flow.
29
Reduced Blood Flow
Decreased circulation to the brain, risking injury.
30
Seizure
Abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
31
Convulsion
Involuntary muscle contractions during a seizure.
32
Absence Seizure
Brief loss of consciousness, often mistaken for daydreaming.
33
Complex Partial Seizure
Altered awareness with possible behavioral disturbances.
34
Primary Seizures
Unprovoked seizures, often due to genetic factors.
35
Secondary Seizures
Provoked seizures resulting from bodily insults.
36
Epilepsy
Condition characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures.
37
Generalized Seizures
Involve both brain hemispheres, often causing loss of consciousness.
38
Partial Seizures
Abnormal activity localized to one brain hemisphere.
39
Simple Partial Seizure
Awake and aware, with no cognitive impairment.
40
Complex Partial Seizure
Awake but not aware, with impaired cognition.
41
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Brain system necessary for wakefulness and alertness.
42
Cognition
Mental processes including perception and memory.
43
Secondary (Provoked) Seizures
Seizures due to external factors like infection or toxins.
44
Eclampsia
Seizures during pregnancy, often related to hypertension.
45
Electrolyte Imbalance
Disruption in body electrolytes leading to seizure activity.
46
Positive Pressure Ventilation
Technique to assist breathing during hypoxia-related seizures.
47
Secondary Seizures
Seizures due to body insults, potentially life-threatening.
48
Status Epilepticus
Continuous seizure activity lasting over 5 minutes.
49
Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus
Persistent postictal depressed mental status between seizures.
50
Nonconvulsive Seizures
Continuous or fluctuating 'epileptic twilight' state.
51
Repeated Partial Seizures
Focal signs without altered awareness between seizures.
52
Prolonged Seizure
Seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes.
53
Hypoxia
Insufficient oxygen supply to the brain.
54
Rhabdomyolysis
Muscle damage releasing proteins harmful to kidneys.
55
Aspiration
Inhalation of foreign material into lungs.
56
Traumatic Brain Injury
Damage to the brain from external force.
57
Hyperglycemia
Elevated blood sugar levels.
58
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar levels.
59
Eclampsia
Seizures during pregnancy due to hypertension.
60
Dysrhythmias
Abnormal heart rhythms affecting blood flow.
61
Hypertension
High blood pressure condition.
62
Blood Electrolyte Imbalance
Disruption in sodium and calcium levels.
63
Hyperthermia
Elevated body temperature, potentially causing seizures.
64
Infection
Pathogen-induced inflammation potentially triggering seizures.
65
Poisoning
Toxic substance exposure causing neurological effects.
66
Seizure Disorder
Chronic condition characterized by recurrent seizures.
67
Idiopathic Seizures
Seizures with no known cause.
68
Generalized Seizures
Involve the entire brain during episodes.
69
Partial Seizures
Involve only one part of the brain.
70
Tonic-Clonic Seizure
Loss of consciousness with muscle rigidity and convulsions.
71
Absence Seizure
Brief loss of consciousness; common in children.
72
Myoclonic Seizure
Sporadic jerking of isolated muscle groups.
73
Tonic Seizure
Characterized by muscle stiffness and rigidity.
74
Atonic Seizure
Sudden loss of muscle tone; drop attack.
75
Febrile Seizure
Tonic-clonic seizure due to high fever.
76
Focal Seizures
Involve one hemisphere; awareness varies.
77
Simple Partial Seizure
Awake and aware with retained cognition.
78
Simple Partial Motor
Jerking or stiffening in one body area.
79
Simple Partial Sensory
Unusual sensations in vision, hearing, or touch.
80
Simple Partial Autonomic
Strange sensations; changes in heart rate.
81
Simple Partial Psychic
Memory disturbances; emotional changes; déjà vu.
82
Complex Partial Seizure
Awake but unaware; may have automatisms.
83
Focal Onset Aware Seizure
Awareness retained during seizure activity.
84
Focal Onset Unaware Seizure
Awake but unaware; loss of cognition.
85
Secondary Generalization
Partial seizure progresses to generalized tonic-clonic.
86
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Regulates wakefulness; affected during generalized seizures.
87
Postictal Phase
Recovery phase after a seizure; confusion common.
88
Aura
Preceding sensation before a seizure starts.
89
Convulsive Seizures
Involves jerking movements; includes tonic-clonic.
90
Nonconvulsive Seizures
Absence of convulsions; includes absence and myoclonic.
91
Unconsciousness
Patient is unresponsive and unaware of surroundings.
92
Supine position
Lying flat on the back with legs extended.
93
Aura
Sensory warning preceding a seizure event.
94
Loss of consciousness
Immediate unresponsiveness following the aura.
95
Tonic phase
Muscle rigidity and contraction during seizure.
96
Hypertonic phase
Extreme muscle rigidity with back hyperextension.
97
Clonic phase
Alternating muscle spasms and relaxation during seizure.
98
Convulsion
Violent, jerky movements characteristic of clonic phase.
99
Postictal state
Recovery phase with altered mental status after seizure.
100
Hemiparesis
Temporary weakness on one side of the body.
101
Duration of tonic phase
Typically lasts for a few seconds.
102
Duration of clonic phase
Usually lasts only a few minutes.
103
Sympathetic discharge
Increased heart rate and breathing post-seizure.
104
Tachycardia
Increased heart rate often following a seizure.
105
Tachypnea
Rapid breathing that may occur post-seizure.
106
Status epilepticus
Prolonged seizure requiring immediate medical intervention.
107
Absence seizure
Non-convulsive seizure with brief loss of awareness.
108
Petit mal seizure
Former term for absence seizure, common in children.
109
Duration of absence seizure
Lasts only a few seconds.
110
Lack of vocalization
Absence of speech during an absence seizure.
111
Blank stare
Characteristic feature of absence seizures.
112
Recovery from absence seizure
Quick return to full awareness after seizure.
113
Emergency medical care
Immediate assessment and intervention for seizure patients.
114
Atypical Absence Seizure
Involves complex motor signs, inconsistent confusion.
115
Emergency Care for Absence Seizure
Needed if seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes.
116
Myoclonic Seizure
Sporadic muscle jerks, described as electrical shocks.
117
Occurrence of Myoclonic Seizures
Common during sleep or falling asleep.
118
Age Factor for Myoclonic Seizures
More prevalent in children, but can occur at any age.
119
Aura in Myoclonic Seizures
No aura or postictal state present.
120
Emergency Care for Myoclonic Seizure
Necessary if seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes.
121
Tonic Seizure
Sudden increase in muscle tone, causing rigidity.
122
Consciousness during Tonic Seizure
Patient remains conscious if awake.
123
Duration of Tonic Seizure
Typically lasts only a few seconds.
124
Atonic Seizure
Total loss of muscle tone, causing drop attacks.
125
Presentation of Atonic Seizure
Drooping eyelids, head nodding, sudden falls.
126
Consciousness during Atonic Seizure
Patient remains conscious and recovers quickly.
127
Duration of Atonic Seizure
Typically lasts only a few seconds.
128
Danger of Atonic Seizure
Risk of head injury from falls.
129
Helmet Use for Atonic Seizures
Some patients wear helmets to prevent head injuries.
130
Febrile Seizure
Seizure associated with high fever, no infection.
131
Cause of Febrile Seizure
Magnitude and peak of fever likely triggers seizure.
132
Age Range for Febrile Seizures
Common in children 6 months to 5 years.
133
Prevalence of Febrile Seizures
About 2-5% of children with fever experience seizures.
134
Family History of Febrile Seizures
Slight evidence suggests familial occurrence.
135
Emergency Care for Febrile Seizure
Often not required, but serious evaluation needed.
136
Partial Seizures
Seizures starting from one brain area.
137
Focal Onset Seizures
Seizures originating in a specific brain region.
138
Simple Partial Seizure
Awake and aware during seizure activity.
139
Complex Partial Seizure
Awake but unaware during seizure activity.
140
Motor Seizures
Jerking or stiffening in one body part.
141
Sensory Seizures
Altered sensory perceptions during seizure.
142
Autonomic Seizures
Changes in autonomic body functions.
143
Psychic Seizures
Altered thoughts, feelings, or experiences.
144
Reticular Activating System
Brain system involved in consciousness.
145
Cerebral Hemisphere
Half of the brain involved in seizures.
146
ILAE
International League Against Epilepsy organization.
147
Jacksonian Motor Seizure
Another name for simple partial seizure.
148
Focal Onset Aware Seizure
Current term for simple partial seizure.
149
Duration of Complex Seizures
Typically lasts 30 seconds to 2 minutes.
150
Awareness in Simple Seizures
Patient retains consciousness and cognition.
151
Awareness in Complex Seizures
Patient is awake but lacks awareness.
152
Emergency Medical Care
Guidelines for managing seizure emergencies.
153
Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure
Seizure that may follow a simple partial seizure.
154
First-Time Seizure Protocol
Transport patient for medical evaluation.
155
Seizure Progression
Simple partial may progress to generalized seizure.
156
Garbled Speech
Common symptom in psychic seizures.
157
Déjà Vu
Feeling of familiarity during psychic seizure.
158
Jamais Vu
Feeling of unfamiliarity during familiar situations.
159
Partial Seizure
Localized seizure affecting one brain hemisphere.
160
Complex Partial Seizure
Seizure with altered mental status.
161
Blank Stare
Initial symptom of a seizure episode.
162
Random Activity
Involuntary movements like chewing or lip smacking.
163
Bicycling Movement
Leg movements resembling pedaling during seizure.
164
Postictal Confusion
Disorientation following a seizure.
165
Secondarily Generalized Seizure
Partial seizure spreading to both brain sides.
166
Tonic Phase
Muscle stiffness during generalized tonic-clonic seizure.
167
Clonic Phase
Convulsive movements following muscle stiffness.
168
Status Epilepticus
Seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes.
169
Psychogenic Seizures
Seizures without physiological brain changes.
170
Pseudoseizures
Another term for psychogenic seizures.
171
Postictal State
Recovery phase after a seizure.
172
Gaze Deviation
Patient's eyes turn away from the EMT.
173
Pelvic Thrusting
Forward thrusting movements during psychogenic seizures.
174
Abrupt Personality Changes
Sudden emotional shifts during seizure episodes.
175
Seizure Duration
Typical seizure lasts 30 seconds to 2 minutes.
176
Seizure Memory Loss
Patient forgets events during seizure.
177
Emergency Medical Care
Calmly guide patient away from hazards.
178
Clinical Signs
Observable symptoms during a seizure.
179
Altered Mental Status
Change in awareness or responsiveness.
180
Hazardous Objects
Items that could injure the patient during a seizure.
181
Consult Medical Direction
Seek guidance for patient transport decisions.
182
Tonic-Clonic Seizure
Generalized seizure with muscle contractions and loss of consciousness.
183
Assessment-Based Approach
Evaluate seizure type and possible causes on scene.
184
Scene Size-Up
Initial assessment for injury and environmental hazards.
185
Mechanism of Injury
Identify potential head injury causes during assessment.
186
Postictal State
Recovery phase after a seizure, often confused.
187
Patient Refusal Procedure
Document and follow protocol for patient refusal.
188
Seizure Causes
Drug or alcohol withdrawal can trigger seizures.
189
Delayed Seizure
Seizures may occur months after a head injury.
190
Scar Tissue Formation
Can lead to abnormal electrical connections post-injury.
191
Bystander Intervention
Avoid restraining movements; guide instead to prevent injury.
192
Tongue Swallowing Myth
Patients cannot swallow their tongue during seizures.
193
Seizure-Related Injuries
Potential injuries include tongue biting and oral trauma.
194
Loss of Control
Bowel and bladder control may be lost during seizures.
195
Cardiac Arrest Connection
Seizures can precede cardiac arrest due to oxygen deprivation.
196
Convulsive Phase
Muscle contractions disrupt normal breathing patterns.
197
Sympathetic Nervous System Activation
Causes tachycardia and hypertension post-seizure.
198
Primary Assessment
Evaluate airway, breathing, and circulation in seizure patients.
199
Altered Mental Status
Seizures result in confusion and disorientation.
200
Snoring Respirations
Common after generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
201
Jaw-Thrust Maneuver
Technique to open airway in unresponsive patients.
202
Nasopharyngeal Airway
Inserted to alleviate airway obstruction from snoring.
203
Emergency Medical Care
Always assume seizure patients require immediate treatment.
204
Seizure Duration Variation
Postictal state duration varies among patients.
205
Guided Movements
Support patient movements during seizure instead of restraining.
206
Emergency Protocols
Follow local guidelines for seizure management.
207
Medical Direction Contact
Consult for orders if patient refuses transport. Partially Occluded Airway
208
Nasopharyngeal Airway
Device to maintain airway; remove as consciousness improves.
209
Oropharyngeal Airway
Inserted if mouth is open; prevents tongue biting.
210
Status Epilepticus
Continuous seizures without recovery between episodes.
211
Postictal State
Period following a seizure; patient regains consciousness.
212
Cyanosis
Bluish skin indicating inadequate oxygenation.
213
Positive Pressure Ventilation
Assisted breathing using supplemental oxygen.
214
Supplemental Oxygen
Additional oxygen provided to maintain adequate levels.
215
Nonrebreather Mask
Mask delivering high concentration oxygen post-seizure.
216
CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation for pulseless patients.
217
AED
Automated external defibrillator for cardiac emergencies.
218
Transport Priority
Criteria determining urgency for patient transport.
219
Seizure Duration
Tonic-clonic seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes.
220
Trauma Management
Address serious bleeding or injuries post-seizure.
221
Assessment Tips
Guidelines for evaluating seizure patients effectively.
222
High Body Temperature
Common cause of seizures in infants and children.
223
Gag Reflex
Reflex that may be stimulated by oral airway.
224
Mental Status Improvement
Expected recovery of consciousness after seizure.
225
Chest Wall Muscle Contraction
Restricts effective breathing during a seizure.
226
Seizure in Water
Increased risk; requires immediate medical attention.
227
History of Seizure Disorder
Prior diagnosis indicating potential for future seizures.
228
Drug Withdrawal Seizures
Seizures resulting from cessation of substance use.
229
Status Epilepticus
Prolonged seizure activity requiring immediate intervention.
230
Causes
Hypoxia, stroke, tumors, infections, electrolyte imbalances.
231
Electrolyte Imbalances
Disruptions in sodium or calcium levels affecting seizures.
232
Cocaine Use
Stimulant that can trigger seizure episodes.
233
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar potentially causing seizure activity.
234
Alcohol Withdrawal
Seizures may occur due to sudden cessation.
235
Toxin Exposure
Inhalation or ingestion of harmful substances like cyanide.
236
Postictal State
Altered mental status following a seizure.
237
Todd Paralysis
Temporary weakness following a generalized seizure.
238
Primary Assessment
Initial evaluation focusing on life-threatening conditions.
239
Secondary Assessment
Detailed evaluation conducted during transport to hospital.
240
Vital Signs
Measurements of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure.
241
Pulse Oximeter
Device measuring oxygen saturation in the blood.
242
Hypoxia
Insufficient oxygen supply potentially causing seizures.
243
Blood Glucose Level
Measurement indicating potential hypoglycemia-related seizures.
244
Medical Alert Tags
Identification providing critical patient medical information.
245
Head Injury Assessment
Examine for trauma signs post-seizure.
246
Muscle Contractions
Severe spasms that may cause injuries or dislocations.
247
Bystander Information
Gathering details from witnesses about the seizure.
248
Seizure History
Collecting past seizure information from patient or relatives.
249
Transport Priority
Immediate transfer of critical patients to medical facility.
250
Generalized Seizure
Seizure affecting both hemispheres of the brain.
251
Seizure onset
Initial activity: generalized or focal.
252
Seizure duration
Time from onset to resolution.
253
Aura
Unusual sensation before seizure activity.
254
Postictal state
Confusion and exhaustion after seizure.
255
Bowel or bladder control
Loss of control during seizure.
256
Medication adherence
Taking seizure medication as prescribed.
257
History of seizures
Previous occurrences of seizure activity.
258
Seizure triggers
Activities or conditions leading to seizure.
259
Generalized tonic-clonic seizure
Full body seizure with loss of consciousness.
260
Signs of generalized seizure
Aura, rigidity, convulsions, confusion.
261
Common seizure medications
Drugs used to treat epilepsy.
262
Behavioral changes
Altered behavior mistaken for intoxication.
263
Seizure types
Generalized vs. focal seizures.
264
Emergency airway management
Focus on ventilation and oxygenation.
265
Seizure history questions
Inquiries about past seizures and symptoms.
266
Patient safety during seizure
Prevent injury from falls or bites.
267
Seizure medication examples
Levetiracetam, Carbamazepine, Valproic Acid.
268
Seizure progression
How seizure activity spreads in the body.
269
Recent illness history
Fever, headache, or stiff neck prior to seizure.
270
Patient's last meal
Time since last food or drink intake.
271
Seizure frequency
How often seizures occur in the patient.
272
Seizure-related injuries
Injuries from falls or convulsions.
273
Emergency transport
Immediate transfer for life-threatening conditions.
274
Immediate life threats
Focus on managing life-threatening conditions first.
275
Prevent injury
Move objects away to avoid patient harm.
276
Protect the head
Use padding to safeguard the patient's head.
277
Lateral recumbent position
Position for airway protection and secretion drainage.
278
Spinal motion restriction
Precautions if spinal injury is suspected.
279
Patent airway
Ensure airway is clear and unobstructed.
280
Nasopharyngeal airway
Flexible airway device for unresponsive patients.
281
Status epilepticus
Seizures lasting over 5 minutes or consecutive.
282
Head-tilt, chin-lift
Maneuver to open the airway effectively.
283
Positive pressure ventilation
Assist breathing with supplemental oxygen if needed.
284
Suctioning
Remove secretions, blood, or vomitus from airway.
285
Oxygenation monitoring
Check oxygen levels post-convulsion for hypoxia.
286
Supplemental oxygen
Administer if oxygen saturation is below 94%.
287
Nasal cannula
Device for delivering oxygen at low flow.
288
Nonrebreather mask
Used for high-flow oxygen delivery when needed.
289
Transport protocol
Follow local guidelines for patient transport.
290
Reassessment
Continuously monitor airway, breathing, and circulation.
291
Vital signs recording
Document and communicate any changes observed.
292
Benzodiazepine
Medication class used to stop seizures.
293
Diazepam rectal gel
FDA-approved for seizure management in children.
294
Diastat
Trade name for diazepam rectal gel.
295
Seizure disorder
Chronic condition characterized by recurrent seizures.
296
Midazolam
Common benzodiazepine, brand name Versed.
297
Lorazepam
Common benzodiazepine, brand name Ativan.
298
Diazepam
Common benzodiazepine, brand name Valium.
299
Intravenous (IV) Administration
Rapid onset route for benzodiazepines.
300
Intramuscular (IM) Administration
Preferred route for actively seizing patients.
301
Intranasal (IN) Administration
Alternative route for benzodiazepine delivery.
302
Buccal Administration
Medication absorbed through the cheek.
303
Rectal Administration
Alternative route for benzodiazepine delivery.
304
Status Epilepticus
Prolonged seizure requiring immediate treatment.
305
American Epilepsy Society Guideline
Guidelines for treating convulsive status epilepticus.
306
Sedation
Major side effect of benzodiazepines.
307
Respiratory Depression
Decreased breathing effectiveness from benzodiazepines.
308
Positive Pressure Ventilation
Technique to assist breathing in respiratory failure.
309
Bag-Valve-Mask Device
Tool for delivering positive pressure ventilation.
310
Tidal Volume
Amount of air per breath.
311
Respiratory Failure
Inadequate breathing requiring immediate intervention.
312
Prefilled Auto-Injector
Device for administering midazolam quickly.
313
EMT Protocol
Guidelines for emergency medical technicians.
314
Airway Assessment
Monitoring patient's breathing and airway status.
315
Efficacy
Effectiveness of a treatment method.
316
Seizure Assessment Findings
Clinical signs observed during a seizure.
317
Seizures
Neurological events causing abnormal brain activity.
318
Eclampsia
Seizures occurring during pregnancy, often related to preeclampsia.
319
Status epilepticus
Prolonged seizure lasting over 5 minutes.
320
Febrile seizure
Seizure triggered by fever in children.
321
Patient Care Goals
Cessation, minimize adverse events, and recurrence.
322
Inclusion Criteria
Seizure activity upon arrival or recurrent activity.
323
Assessment History
Duration, prior history, and typical seizure appearance.
324
Assessment Exam
Evaluate airway, breath sounds, and neurologic status.
325
Airway obstruction
Blockage requiring intervention like airway placement.
326
Oropharyngeal airway
Device used if gag reflex is absent.
327
Pulse oximeter
Monitors oxygen saturation in patients.
328
Bag-valve-mask (BVM)
Device for ventilating patients when compromised.
329
Anticonvulsant Treatment
Medication to stop seizures, e.g., Midazolam.
330
Glucometry
Blood glucose check during active seizure.
331
Hypoglycemia Guideline
Protocol for treating low blood sugar.
332
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications
Contraindicated in infants under 6 months.
333
Patient Safety Considerations
Trained personnel can administer meds without direction.
334
Benzodiazepines
Medications associated with airway compromise risks.
335
Transport Protocol
Hypoglycemic patients must go to the hospital.
336
Key Considerations
Airway issues can often be managed without advanced airway.
337
EKG Acquisition
Used to check for cardiac causes post-seizure.
338
Convulsive Status Epilepticus
Seizures requiring medication management prehospital.
339
Trained EMS Personnel
Allowed to administer medication without medical direction.
340
Refractory Seizures
Seizures unresponsive to initial treatment efforts.
341
Potential Causes of Seizures
Includes trauma, stroke, electrolyte imbalance, toxic ingestion.
342
Midazolam IM
Effective alternative to intravenous lorazepam for seizures.
343
Febrile Seizure Evaluation
Fever in young children prompts meningitis assessment.
344
Syncope
Temporary loss of consciousness due to blood flow reduction.
345
Vasovagal Syncope
Fainting caused by parasympathetic nervous system influence.
346
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Controls involuntary bodily functions, influences blood vessel dilation.
347
Hypoperfused Brain
Insufficient blood flow leading to loss of consciousness.
348
Syncopal Episode
Sudden fainting due to decreased brain perfusion.
349
Supine Position Recovery
Lying down restores blood circulation to the brain.
350
Assessment of Syncope
Look for yawning, sweating, dizziness, nausea before fainting.
351
Cardiac Rhythm Disturbance
Potential cause of syncope during exertion.
352
Bystander Confusion
Syncopal episodes may mimic seizure activity.
353
Seizure Cessation Evidence
Recent studies support midazolam's effectiveness in seizures.
354
Seizure Assessment Findings
Fever with seizure indicates possible serious underlying condition.
355
Emergency Care Algorithm
Guidelines for managing seizure emergencies.
356
Electrolyte Abnormality
Imbalance in body electrolytes potentially causing seizures.
357
Toxic Ingestion
Consumption of harmful substances leading to seizures.
358
Pregnancy with Eclampsia
Seizures during pregnancy due to severe hypertension.
359
Hyperthermia
Elevated body temperature potentially triggering seizures.
360
Syncope
Fainting episode usually starting from standing position.
361
Seizure
Uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain.
362
Aura
Sensory warning before a seizure occurs.
363
Convulsive Syncope
Fainting with brief muscle twitching movements.
364
Vasovagal Syncope
Fainting due to sudden drop in heart rate.
365
Postictal Period
Recovery phase after a seizure.
366
Myoclonic Activity
Brief muscle jerking during convulsive syncope.
367
Skin Characteristics
Pale and moist skin in syncope; warm and sweaty in seizures.
368
Loss of Consciousness
Sudden unresponsiveness in both conditions.
369
Recovery Position
Supine position to improve brain blood flow.
370
Serious Causes of Syncope
Includes myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism.
371
Primary Assessment
Initial evaluation of patient's condition and vital signs.
372
Secondary Assessment
Detailed examination following primary assessment.
373
Supplemental Oxygen
Administered if oxygen saturation falls below 94%.
374
Nasal Cannula
Device for delivering supplemental oxygen.
375
Altered Mental Status
Condition requiring assessment for airway and circulation.
376
Tongue Biting
Rare occurrence during convulsive syncope.
377
Confusion Post-Syncope
Patient may appear confused after fainting.
378
Blood Flow Improvement
Elevating legs helps increase cerebral perfusion.
379
Documentation
Recording assessment findings and patient refusals.
380
Patient Reassurance
Important for managing anxiety during syncope.
381
Febrile Seizures
Seizures caused by fever, common in children.
382
Tonic-Clonic Seizure
Seizure with muscle rigidity and jerking movements.
383
Cyanosis
Skin turning blue due to ineffective respiration.
384
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar causing potential seizures.
385
Seizure Duration
Seizures last longer than syncope events.
386
Incontinence
Loss of bladder control during seizure activity.
387
Focal Motor Activity
Localized seizure activity in specific body parts.
388
Antiseizure Medications
Drugs prescribed to control seizure activity.
389
History of Seizures
Prior seizure events may indicate seizure patterns.
390
Altered Mental Status
Change in consciousness due to medical conditions.
391
EMS Response
Emergency Medical Services' approach to pediatric seizures.
392
Seizure-like Activity
Movements resembling seizures during syncopal events.
393
Risk Factors
Conditions increasing likelihood of seizures in children.
394
Oxygen Deficiency
Low oxygen levels potentially causing seizures.
395
Metabolic Abnormalities
Chemical imbalances that can trigger seizures.
396
Head Injury
Trauma to the head that may result in seizures.
397
Meningitis
Inflammation of brain membranes, can cause seizures.
398
Brain Tumors
Abnormal growths in the brain that may induce seizures.
399
Drug Overdose
Excessive drug intake leading to seizure activity.
400
Pediatric Syncope
Rare fainting episodes in children, often misidentified.
401
AVPU Scale
Assessment tool for responsiveness in altered consciousness.
