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EMT > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Seizure

A

Sudden alteration in brain function due to electrical discharges.

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2
Q

Convulsion

A

Muscle contractions occurring in some seizure types.

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3
Q

Nonconvulsive seizure

A

Seizure type without muscle contractions.

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4
Q

Epilepsy

A

Chronic disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures.

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5
Q

Postictal state

A

Recovery period after a seizure, often with confusion.

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6
Q

Generalized tonic-clonic seizure

A

Most common type, also called grand mal seizure.

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7
Q

Recruitment

A

Process of neurons discharging synchronous electrical impulses.

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8
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Brain region where seizure initiation often occurs.

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9
Q

Thalamus

A

Brain structure involved in seizure activity.

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10
Q

Underlying defect

A

Condition that may cause seizures, not a disease itself.

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11
Q

Incidence of epilepsy

A

High in children and those over 60 years.

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12
Q

Postictal symptoms

A

Weakness, disorientation, and fatigue after a seizure.

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13
Q

Seizure duration

A

Typical seizures last a few minutes.

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14
Q

Seizure misdiagnosis

A

Seizures can be mistaken for strokes or fainting.

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15
Q

Medical conditions causing seizures

A

Injuries or illnesses can also trigger seizure activity.

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16
Q

Life-threatening conditions

A

EMTs must assess for these during seizure management.

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17
Q

Airway compromise

A

Prolonged seizures can lead to breathing difficulties.

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18
Q

Seizure assessment

A

Focus on managing altered mental status and safety.

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19
Q

Electrical impulses

A

Discharges from neurons that trigger seizure activity.

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20
Q

Seizure prevalence

A

Over 10% of U.S. population experiences a seizure.

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21
Q

Seizure types

A

Include both convulsive and nonconvulsive categories.

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22
Q

Traumatic causes

A

Injuries may lead to seizures in patients without history.

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23
Q

Patient reassurance

A

EMTs should provide comfort during and after seizures.

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24
Q

Brain Cell Damage

A

Injury from prolonged excessive neuron discharge.

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25
Q

Hypoxia

A

Oxygen deficiency leading to brain injury.

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26
Q

Acidosis

A

Excess acidity in body fluids affecting brain function.

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27
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Elevated body temperature causing potential brain damage.

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28
Q

Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure impacting cerebral blood flow.

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29
Q

Reduced Blood Flow

A

Decreased circulation to the brain, risking injury.

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30
Q

Seizure

A

Abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

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31
Q

Convulsion

A

Involuntary muscle contractions during a seizure.

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32
Q

Absence Seizure

A

Brief loss of consciousness, often mistaken for daydreaming.

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33
Q

Complex Partial Seizure

A

Altered awareness with possible behavioral disturbances.

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34
Q

Primary Seizures

A

Unprovoked seizures, often due to genetic factors.

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35
Q

Secondary Seizures

A

Provoked seizures resulting from bodily insults.

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36
Q

Epilepsy

A

Condition characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures.

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37
Q

Generalized Seizures

A

Involve both brain hemispheres, often causing loss of consciousness.

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38
Q

Partial Seizures

A

Abnormal activity localized to one brain hemisphere.

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39
Q

Simple Partial Seizure

A

Awake and aware, with no cognitive impairment.

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40
Q

Complex Partial Seizure

A

Awake but not aware, with impaired cognition.

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41
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A

Brain system necessary for wakefulness and alertness.

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42
Q

Cognition

A

Mental processes including perception and memory.

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43
Q

Secondary (Provoked) Seizures

A

Seizures due to external factors like infection or toxins.

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44
Q

Eclampsia

A

Seizures during pregnancy, often related to hypertension.

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45
Q

Electrolyte Imbalance

A

Disruption in body electrolytes leading to seizure activity.

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46
Q

Positive Pressure Ventilation

A

Technique to assist breathing during hypoxia-related seizures.

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47
Q

Secondary Seizures

A

Seizures due to body insults, potentially life-threatening.

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48
Q

Status Epilepticus

A

Continuous seizure activity lasting over 5 minutes.

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49
Q

Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus

A

Persistent postictal depressed mental status between seizures.

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50
Q

Nonconvulsive Seizures

A

Continuous or fluctuating ‘epileptic twilight’ state.

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51
Q

Repeated Partial Seizures

A

Focal signs without altered awareness between seizures.

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52
Q

Prolonged Seizure

A

Seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes.

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53
Q

Hypoxia

A

Insufficient oxygen supply to the brain.

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54
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A

Muscle damage releasing proteins harmful to kidneys.

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55
Q

Aspiration

A

Inhalation of foreign material into lungs.

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56
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury

A

Damage to the brain from external force.

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57
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Elevated blood sugar levels.

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58
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood sugar levels.

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59
Q

Eclampsia

A

Seizures during pregnancy due to hypertension.

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60
Q

Dysrhythmias

A

Abnormal heart rhythms affecting blood flow.

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61
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure condition.

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62
Q

Blood Electrolyte Imbalance

A

Disruption in sodium and calcium levels.

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63
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Elevated body temperature, potentially causing seizures.

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64
Q

Infection

A

Pathogen-induced inflammation potentially triggering seizures.

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65
Q

Poisoning

A

Toxic substance exposure causing neurological effects.

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66
Q

Seizure Disorder

A

Chronic condition characterized by recurrent seizures.

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67
Q

Idiopathic Seizures

A

Seizures with no known cause.

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68
Q

Generalized Seizures

A

Involve the entire brain during episodes.

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69
Q

Partial Seizures

A

Involve only one part of the brain.

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70
Q

Tonic-Clonic Seizure

A

Loss of consciousness with muscle rigidity and convulsions.

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71
Q

Absence Seizure

A

Brief loss of consciousness; common in children.

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72
Q

Myoclonic Seizure

A

Sporadic jerking of isolated muscle groups.

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73
Q

Tonic Seizure

A

Characterized by muscle stiffness and rigidity.

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74
Q

Atonic Seizure

A

Sudden loss of muscle tone; drop attack.

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75
Q

Febrile Seizure

A

Tonic-clonic seizure due to high fever.

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76
Q

Focal Seizures

A

Involve one hemisphere; awareness varies.

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77
Q

Simple Partial Seizure

A

Awake and aware with retained cognition.

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78
Q

Simple Partial Motor

A

Jerking or stiffening in one body area.

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79
Q

Simple Partial Sensory

A

Unusual sensations in vision, hearing, or touch.

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80
Q

Simple Partial Autonomic

A

Strange sensations; changes in heart rate.

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81
Q

Simple Partial Psychic

A

Memory disturbances; emotional changes; déjà vu.

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82
Q

Complex Partial Seizure

A

Awake but unaware; may have automatisms.

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83
Q

Focal Onset Aware Seizure

A

Awareness retained during seizure activity.

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84
Q

Focal Onset Unaware Seizure

A

Awake but unaware; loss of cognition.

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85
Q

Secondary Generalization

A

Partial seizure progresses to generalized tonic-clonic.

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86
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A

Regulates wakefulness; affected during generalized seizures.

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87
Q

Postictal Phase

A

Recovery phase after a seizure; confusion common.

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88
Q

Aura

A

Preceding sensation before a seizure starts.

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89
Q

Convulsive Seizures

A

Involves jerking movements; includes tonic-clonic.

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90
Q

Nonconvulsive Seizures

A

Absence of convulsions; includes absence and myoclonic.

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91
Q

Unconsciousness

A

Patient is unresponsive and unaware of surroundings.

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92
Q

Supine position

A

Lying flat on the back with legs extended.

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93
Q

Aura

A

Sensory warning preceding a seizure event.

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94
Q

Loss of consciousness

A

Immediate unresponsiveness following the aura.

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95
Q

Tonic phase

A

Muscle rigidity and contraction during seizure.

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96
Q

Hypertonic phase

A

Extreme muscle rigidity with back hyperextension.

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97
Q

Clonic phase

A

Alternating muscle spasms and relaxation during seizure.

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98
Q

Convulsion

A

Violent, jerky movements characteristic of clonic phase.

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99
Q

Postictal state

A

Recovery phase with altered mental status after seizure.

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100
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Temporary weakness on one side of the body.

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101
Q

Duration of tonic phase

A

Typically lasts for a few seconds.

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102
Q

Duration of clonic phase

A

Usually lasts only a few minutes.

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103
Q

Sympathetic discharge

A

Increased heart rate and breathing post-seizure.

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104
Q

Tachycardia

A

Increased heart rate often following a seizure.

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105
Q

Tachypnea

A

Rapid breathing that may occur post-seizure.

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106
Q

Status epilepticus

A

Prolonged seizure requiring immediate medical intervention.

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107
Q

Absence seizure

A

Non-convulsive seizure with brief loss of awareness.

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108
Q

Petit mal seizure

A

Former term for absence seizure, common in children.

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109
Q

Duration of absence seizure

A

Lasts only a few seconds.

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110
Q

Lack of vocalization

A

Absence of speech during an absence seizure.

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111
Q

Blank stare

A

Characteristic feature of absence seizures.

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112
Q

Recovery from absence seizure

A

Quick return to full awareness after seizure.

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113
Q

Emergency medical care

A

Immediate assessment and intervention for seizure patients.

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114
Q

Atypical Absence Seizure

A

Involves complex motor signs, inconsistent confusion.

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115
Q

Emergency Care for Absence Seizure

A

Needed if seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes.

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116
Q

Myoclonic Seizure

A

Sporadic muscle jerks, described as electrical shocks.

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117
Q

Occurrence of Myoclonic Seizures

A

Common during sleep or falling asleep.

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118
Q

Age Factor for Myoclonic Seizures

A

More prevalent in children, but can occur at any age.

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119
Q

Aura in Myoclonic Seizures

A

No aura or postictal state present.

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120
Q

Emergency Care for Myoclonic Seizure

A

Necessary if seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes.

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121
Q

Tonic Seizure

A

Sudden increase in muscle tone, causing rigidity.

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122
Q

Consciousness during Tonic Seizure

A

Patient remains conscious if awake.

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123
Q

Duration of Tonic Seizure

A

Typically lasts only a few seconds.

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124
Q

Atonic Seizure

A

Total loss of muscle tone, causing drop attacks.

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125
Q

Presentation of Atonic Seizure

A

Drooping eyelids, head nodding, sudden falls.

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126
Q

Consciousness during Atonic Seizure

A

Patient remains conscious and recovers quickly.

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127
Q

Duration of Atonic Seizure

A

Typically lasts only a few seconds.

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128
Q

Danger of Atonic Seizure

A

Risk of head injury from falls.

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129
Q

Helmet Use for Atonic Seizures

A

Some patients wear helmets to prevent head injuries.

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130
Q

Febrile Seizure

A

Seizure associated with high fever, no infection.

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131
Q

Cause of Febrile Seizure

A

Magnitude and peak of fever likely triggers seizure.

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132
Q

Age Range for Febrile Seizures

A

Common in children 6 months to 5 years.

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133
Q

Prevalence of Febrile Seizures

A

About 2-5% of children with fever experience seizures.

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134
Q

Family History of Febrile Seizures

A

Slight evidence suggests familial occurrence.

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135
Q

Emergency Care for Febrile Seizure

A

Often not required, but serious evaluation needed.

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136
Q

Partial Seizures

A

Seizures starting from one brain area.

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137
Q

Focal Onset Seizures

A

Seizures originating in a specific brain region.

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138
Q

Simple Partial Seizure

A

Awake and aware during seizure activity.

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139
Q

Complex Partial Seizure

A

Awake but unaware during seizure activity.

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140
Q

Motor Seizures

A

Jerking or stiffening in one body part.

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141
Q

Sensory Seizures

A

Altered sensory perceptions during seizure.

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142
Q

Autonomic Seizures

A

Changes in autonomic body functions.

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143
Q

Psychic Seizures

A

Altered thoughts, feelings, or experiences.

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144
Q

Reticular Activating System

A

Brain system involved in consciousness.

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145
Q

Cerebral Hemisphere

A

Half of the brain involved in seizures.

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146
Q

ILAE

A

International League Against Epilepsy organization.

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147
Q

Jacksonian Motor Seizure

A

Another name for simple partial seizure.

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148
Q

Focal Onset Aware Seizure

A

Current term for simple partial seizure.

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149
Q

Duration of Complex Seizures

A

Typically lasts 30 seconds to 2 minutes.

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150
Q

Awareness in Simple Seizures

A

Patient retains consciousness and cognition.

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151
Q

Awareness in Complex Seizures

A

Patient is awake but lacks awareness.

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152
Q

Emergency Medical Care

A

Guidelines for managing seizure emergencies.

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153
Q

Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure

A

Seizure that may follow a simple partial seizure.

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154
Q

First-Time Seizure Protocol

A

Transport patient for medical evaluation.

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155
Q

Seizure Progression

A

Simple partial may progress to generalized seizure.

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156
Q

Garbled Speech

A

Common symptom in psychic seizures.

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157
Q

Déjà Vu

A

Feeling of familiarity during psychic seizure.

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158
Q

Jamais Vu

A

Feeling of unfamiliarity during familiar situations.

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159
Q

Partial Seizure

A

Localized seizure affecting one brain hemisphere.

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160
Q

Complex Partial Seizure

A

Seizure with altered mental status.

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161
Q

Blank Stare

A

Initial symptom of a seizure episode.

162
Q

Random Activity

A

Involuntary movements like chewing or lip smacking.

163
Q

Bicycling Movement

A

Leg movements resembling pedaling during seizure.

164
Q

Postictal Confusion

A

Disorientation following a seizure.

165
Q

Secondarily Generalized Seizure

A

Partial seizure spreading to both brain sides.

166
Q

Tonic Phase

A

Muscle stiffness during generalized tonic-clonic seizure.

167
Q

Clonic Phase

A

Convulsive movements following muscle stiffness.

168
Q

Status Epilepticus

A

Seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes.

169
Q

Psychogenic Seizures

A

Seizures without physiological brain changes.

170
Q

Pseudoseizures

A

Another term for psychogenic seizures.

171
Q

Postictal State

A

Recovery phase after a seizure.

172
Q

Gaze Deviation

A

Patient’s eyes turn away from the EMT.

173
Q

Pelvic Thrusting

A

Forward thrusting movements during psychogenic seizures.

174
Q

Abrupt Personality Changes

A

Sudden emotional shifts during seizure episodes.

175
Q

Seizure Duration

A

Typical seizure lasts 30 seconds to 2 minutes.

176
Q

Seizure Memory Loss

A

Patient forgets events during seizure.

177
Q

Emergency Medical Care

A

Calmly guide patient away from hazards.

178
Q

Clinical Signs

A

Observable symptoms during a seizure.

179
Q

Altered Mental Status

A

Change in awareness or responsiveness.

180
Q

Hazardous Objects

A

Items that could injure the patient during a seizure.

181
Q

Consult Medical Direction

A

Seek guidance for patient transport decisions.

182
Q

Tonic-Clonic Seizure

A

Generalized seizure with muscle contractions and loss of consciousness.

183
Q

Assessment-Based Approach

A

Evaluate seizure type and possible causes on scene.

184
Q

Scene Size-Up

A

Initial assessment for injury and environmental hazards.

185
Q

Mechanism of Injury

A

Identify potential head injury causes during assessment.

186
Q

Postictal State

A

Recovery phase after a seizure, often confused.

187
Q

Patient Refusal Procedure

A

Document and follow protocol for patient refusal.

188
Q

Seizure Causes

A

Drug or alcohol withdrawal can trigger seizures.

189
Q

Delayed Seizure

A

Seizures may occur months after a head injury.

190
Q

Scar Tissue Formation

A

Can lead to abnormal electrical connections post-injury.

191
Q

Bystander Intervention

A

Avoid restraining movements; guide instead to prevent injury.

192
Q

Tongue Swallowing Myth

A

Patients cannot swallow their tongue during seizures.

193
Q

Seizure-Related Injuries

A

Potential injuries include tongue biting and oral trauma.

194
Q

Loss of Control

A

Bowel and bladder control may be lost during seizures.

195
Q

Cardiac Arrest Connection

A

Seizures can precede cardiac arrest due to oxygen deprivation.

196
Q

Convulsive Phase

A

Muscle contractions disrupt normal breathing patterns.

197
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System Activation

A

Causes tachycardia and hypertension post-seizure.

198
Q

Primary Assessment

A

Evaluate airway, breathing, and circulation in seizure patients.

199
Q

Altered Mental Status

A

Seizures result in confusion and disorientation.

200
Q

Snoring Respirations

A

Common after generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

201
Q

Jaw-Thrust Maneuver

A

Technique to open airway in unresponsive patients.

202
Q

Nasopharyngeal Airway

A

Inserted to alleviate airway obstruction from snoring.

203
Q

Emergency Medical Care

A

Always assume seizure patients require immediate treatment.

204
Q

Seizure Duration Variation

A

Postictal state duration varies among patients.

205
Q

Guided Movements

A

Support patient movements during seizure instead of restraining.

206
Q

Emergency Protocols

A

Follow local guidelines for seizure management.

207
Q

Medical Direction Contact

A

Consult for orders if patient refuses transport. Partially Occluded Airway

208
Q

Nasopharyngeal Airway

A

Device to maintain airway; remove as consciousness improves.

209
Q

Oropharyngeal Airway

A

Inserted if mouth is open; prevents tongue biting.

210
Q

Status Epilepticus

A

Continuous seizures without recovery between episodes.

211
Q

Postictal State

A

Period following a seizure; patient regains consciousness.

212
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish skin indicating inadequate oxygenation.

213
Q

Positive Pressure Ventilation

A

Assisted breathing using supplemental oxygen.

214
Q

Supplemental Oxygen

A

Additional oxygen provided to maintain adequate levels.

215
Q

Nonrebreather Mask

A

Mask delivering high concentration oxygen post-seizure.

216
Q

CPR

A

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation for pulseless patients.

217
Q

AED

A

Automated external defibrillator for cardiac emergencies.

218
Q

Transport Priority

A

Criteria determining urgency for patient transport.

219
Q

Seizure Duration

A

Tonic-clonic seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes.

220
Q

Trauma Management

A

Address serious bleeding or injuries post-seizure.

221
Q

Assessment Tips

A

Guidelines for evaluating seizure patients effectively.

222
Q

High Body Temperature

A

Common cause of seizures in infants and children.

223
Q

Gag Reflex

A

Reflex that may be stimulated by oral airway.

224
Q

Mental Status Improvement

A

Expected recovery of consciousness after seizure.

225
Q

Chest Wall Muscle Contraction

A

Restricts effective breathing during a seizure.

226
Q

Seizure in Water

A

Increased risk; requires immediate medical attention.

227
Q

History of Seizure Disorder

A

Prior diagnosis indicating potential for future seizures.

228
Q

Drug Withdrawal Seizures

A

Seizures resulting from cessation of substance use.

229
Q

Status Epilepticus

A

Prolonged seizure activity requiring immediate intervention.

230
Q

Causes

A

Hypoxia, stroke, tumors, infections, electrolyte imbalances.

231
Q

Electrolyte Imbalances

A

Disruptions in sodium or calcium levels affecting seizures.

232
Q

Cocaine Use

A

Stimulant that can trigger seizure episodes.

233
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood sugar potentially causing seizure activity.

234
Q

Alcohol Withdrawal

A

Seizures may occur due to sudden cessation.

235
Q

Toxin Exposure

A

Inhalation or ingestion of harmful substances like cyanide.

236
Q

Postictal State

A

Altered mental status following a seizure.

237
Q

Todd Paralysis

A

Temporary weakness following a generalized seizure.

238
Q

Primary Assessment

A

Initial evaluation focusing on life-threatening conditions.

239
Q

Secondary Assessment

A

Detailed evaluation conducted during transport to hospital.

240
Q

Vital Signs

A

Measurements of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure.

241
Q

Pulse Oximeter

A

Device measuring oxygen saturation in the blood.

242
Q

Hypoxia

A

Insufficient oxygen supply potentially causing seizures.

243
Q

Blood Glucose Level

A

Measurement indicating potential hypoglycemia-related seizures.

244
Q

Medical Alert Tags

A

Identification providing critical patient medical information.

245
Q

Head Injury Assessment

A

Examine for trauma signs post-seizure.

246
Q

Muscle Contractions

A

Severe spasms that may cause injuries or dislocations.

247
Q

Bystander Information

A

Gathering details from witnesses about the seizure.

248
Q

Seizure History

A

Collecting past seizure information from patient or relatives.

249
Q

Transport Priority

A

Immediate transfer of critical patients to medical facility.

250
Q

Generalized Seizure

A

Seizure affecting both hemispheres of the brain.

251
Q

Seizure onset

A

Initial activity: generalized or focal.

252
Q

Seizure duration

A

Time from onset to resolution.

253
Q

Aura

A

Unusual sensation before seizure activity.

254
Q

Postictal state

A

Confusion and exhaustion after seizure.

255
Q

Bowel or bladder control

A

Loss of control during seizure.

256
Q

Medication adherence

A

Taking seizure medication as prescribed.

257
Q

History of seizures

A

Previous occurrences of seizure activity.

258
Q

Seizure triggers

A

Activities or conditions leading to seizure.

259
Q

Generalized tonic-clonic seizure

A

Full body seizure with loss of consciousness.

260
Q

Signs of generalized seizure

A

Aura, rigidity, convulsions, confusion.

261
Q

Common seizure medications

A

Drugs used to treat epilepsy.

262
Q

Behavioral changes

A

Altered behavior mistaken for intoxication.

263
Q

Seizure types

A

Generalized vs. focal seizures.

264
Q

Emergency airway management

A

Focus on ventilation and oxygenation.

265
Q

Seizure history questions

A

Inquiries about past seizures and symptoms.

266
Q

Patient safety during seizure

A

Prevent injury from falls or bites.

267
Q

Seizure medication examples

A

Levetiracetam, Carbamazepine, Valproic Acid.

268
Q

Seizure progression

A

How seizure activity spreads in the body.

269
Q

Recent illness history

A

Fever, headache, or stiff neck prior to seizure.

270
Q

Patient’s last meal

A

Time since last food or drink intake.

271
Q

Seizure frequency

A

How often seizures occur in the patient.

272
Q

Seizure-related injuries

A

Injuries from falls or convulsions.

273
Q

Emergency transport

A

Immediate transfer for life-threatening conditions.

274
Q

Immediate life threats

A

Focus on managing life-threatening conditions first.

275
Q

Prevent injury

A

Move objects away to avoid patient harm.

276
Q

Protect the head

A

Use padding to safeguard the patient’s head.

277
Q

Lateral recumbent position

A

Position for airway protection and secretion drainage.

278
Q

Spinal motion restriction

A

Precautions if spinal injury is suspected.

279
Q

Patent airway

A

Ensure airway is clear and unobstructed.

280
Q

Nasopharyngeal airway

A

Flexible airway device for unresponsive patients.

281
Q

Status epilepticus

A

Seizures lasting over 5 minutes or consecutive.

282
Q

Head-tilt, chin-lift

A

Maneuver to open the airway effectively.

283
Q

Positive pressure ventilation

A

Assist breathing with supplemental oxygen if needed.

284
Q

Suctioning

A

Remove secretions, blood, or vomitus from airway.

285
Q

Oxygenation monitoring

A

Check oxygen levels post-convulsion for hypoxia.

286
Q

Supplemental oxygen

A

Administer if oxygen saturation is below 94%.

287
Q

Nasal cannula

A

Device for delivering oxygen at low flow.

288
Q

Nonrebreather mask

A

Used for high-flow oxygen delivery when needed.

289
Q

Transport protocol

A

Follow local guidelines for patient transport.

290
Q

Reassessment

A

Continuously monitor airway, breathing, and circulation.

291
Q

Vital signs recording

A

Document and communicate any changes observed.

292
Q

Benzodiazepine

A

Medication class used to stop seizures.

293
Q

Diazepam rectal gel

A

FDA-approved for seizure management in children.

294
Q

Diastat

A

Trade name for diazepam rectal gel.

295
Q

Seizure disorder

A

Chronic condition characterized by recurrent seizures.

296
Q

Midazolam

A

Common benzodiazepine, brand name Versed.

297
Q

Lorazepam

A

Common benzodiazepine, brand name Ativan.

298
Q

Diazepam

A

Common benzodiazepine, brand name Valium.

299
Q

Intravenous (IV) Administration

A

Rapid onset route for benzodiazepines.

300
Q

Intramuscular (IM) Administration

A

Preferred route for actively seizing patients.

301
Q

Intranasal (IN) Administration

A

Alternative route for benzodiazepine delivery.

302
Q

Buccal Administration

A

Medication absorbed through the cheek.

303
Q

Rectal Administration

A

Alternative route for benzodiazepine delivery.

304
Q

Status Epilepticus

A

Prolonged seizure requiring immediate treatment.

305
Q

American Epilepsy Society Guideline

A

Guidelines for treating convulsive status epilepticus.

306
Q

Sedation

A

Major side effect of benzodiazepines.

307
Q

Respiratory Depression

A

Decreased breathing effectiveness from benzodiazepines.

308
Q

Positive Pressure Ventilation

A

Technique to assist breathing in respiratory failure.

309
Q

Bag-Valve-Mask Device

A

Tool for delivering positive pressure ventilation.

310
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Amount of air per breath.

311
Q

Respiratory Failure

A

Inadequate breathing requiring immediate intervention.

312
Q

Prefilled Auto-Injector

A

Device for administering midazolam quickly.

313
Q

EMT Protocol

A

Guidelines for emergency medical technicians.

314
Q

Airway Assessment

A

Monitoring patient’s breathing and airway status.

315
Q

Efficacy

A

Effectiveness of a treatment method.

316
Q

Seizure Assessment Findings

A

Clinical signs observed during a seizure.

317
Q

Seizures

A

Neurological events causing abnormal brain activity.

318
Q

Eclampsia

A

Seizures occurring during pregnancy, often related to preeclampsia.

319
Q

Status epilepticus

A

Prolonged seizure lasting over 5 minutes.

320
Q

Febrile seizure

A

Seizure triggered by fever in children.

321
Q

Patient Care Goals

A

Cessation, minimize adverse events, and recurrence.

322
Q

Inclusion Criteria

A

Seizure activity upon arrival or recurrent activity.

323
Q

Assessment History

A

Duration, prior history, and typical seizure appearance.

324
Q

Assessment Exam

A

Evaluate airway, breath sounds, and neurologic status.

325
Q

Airway obstruction

A

Blockage requiring intervention like airway placement.

326
Q

Oropharyngeal airway

A

Device used if gag reflex is absent.

327
Q

Pulse oximeter

A

Monitors oxygen saturation in patients.

328
Q

Bag-valve-mask (BVM)

A

Device for ventilating patients when compromised.

329
Q

Anticonvulsant Treatment

A

Medication to stop seizures, e.g., Midazolam.

330
Q

Glucometry

A

Blood glucose check during active seizure.

331
Q

Hypoglycemia Guideline

A

Protocol for treating low blood sugar.

332
Q

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications

A

Contraindicated in infants under 6 months.

333
Q

Patient Safety Considerations

A

Trained personnel can administer meds without direction.

334
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Medications associated with airway compromise risks.

335
Q

Transport Protocol

A

Hypoglycemic patients must go to the hospital.

336
Q

Key Considerations

A

Airway issues can often be managed without advanced airway.

337
Q

EKG Acquisition

A

Used to check for cardiac causes post-seizure.

338
Q

Convulsive Status Epilepticus

A

Seizures requiring medication management prehospital.

339
Q

Trained EMS Personnel

A

Allowed to administer medication without medical direction.

340
Q

Refractory Seizures

A

Seizures unresponsive to initial treatment efforts.

341
Q

Potential Causes of Seizures

A

Includes trauma, stroke, electrolyte imbalance, toxic ingestion.

342
Q

Midazolam IM

A

Effective alternative to intravenous lorazepam for seizures.

343
Q

Febrile Seizure Evaluation

A

Fever in young children prompts meningitis assessment.

344
Q

Syncope

A

Temporary loss of consciousness due to blood flow reduction.

345
Q

Vasovagal Syncope

A

Fainting caused by parasympathetic nervous system influence.

346
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Controls involuntary bodily functions, influences blood vessel dilation.

347
Q

Hypoperfused Brain

A

Insufficient blood flow leading to loss of consciousness.

348
Q

Syncopal Episode

A

Sudden fainting due to decreased brain perfusion.

349
Q

Supine Position Recovery

A

Lying down restores blood circulation to the brain.

350
Q

Assessment of Syncope

A

Look for yawning, sweating, dizziness, nausea before fainting.

351
Q

Cardiac Rhythm Disturbance

A

Potential cause of syncope during exertion.

352
Q

Bystander Confusion

A

Syncopal episodes may mimic seizure activity.

353
Q

Seizure Cessation Evidence

A

Recent studies support midazolam’s effectiveness in seizures.

354
Q

Seizure Assessment Findings

A

Fever with seizure indicates possible serious underlying condition.

355
Q

Emergency Care Algorithm

A

Guidelines for managing seizure emergencies.

356
Q

Electrolyte Abnormality

A

Imbalance in body electrolytes potentially causing seizures.

357
Q

Toxic Ingestion

A

Consumption of harmful substances leading to seizures.

358
Q

Pregnancy with Eclampsia

A

Seizures during pregnancy due to severe hypertension.

359
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Elevated body temperature potentially triggering seizures.

360
Q

Syncope

A

Fainting episode usually starting from standing position.

361
Q

Seizure

A

Uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain.

362
Q

Aura

A

Sensory warning before a seizure occurs.

363
Q

Convulsive Syncope

A

Fainting with brief muscle twitching movements.

364
Q

Vasovagal Syncope

A

Fainting due to sudden drop in heart rate.

365
Q

Postictal Period

A

Recovery phase after a seizure.

366
Q

Myoclonic Activity

A

Brief muscle jerking during convulsive syncope.

367
Q

Skin Characteristics

A

Pale and moist skin in syncope; warm and sweaty in seizures.

368
Q

Loss of Consciousness

A

Sudden unresponsiveness in both conditions.

369
Q

Recovery Position

A

Supine position to improve brain blood flow.

370
Q

Serious Causes of Syncope

A

Includes myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism.

371
Q

Primary Assessment

A

Initial evaluation of patient’s condition and vital signs.

372
Q

Secondary Assessment

A

Detailed examination following primary assessment.

373
Q

Supplemental Oxygen

A

Administered if oxygen saturation falls below 94%.

374
Q

Nasal Cannula

A

Device for delivering supplemental oxygen.

375
Q

Altered Mental Status

A

Condition requiring assessment for airway and circulation.

376
Q

Tongue Biting

A

Rare occurrence during convulsive syncope.

377
Q

Confusion Post-Syncope

A

Patient may appear confused after fainting.

378
Q

Blood Flow Improvement

A

Elevating legs helps increase cerebral perfusion.

379
Q

Documentation

A

Recording assessment findings and patient refusals.

380
Q

Patient Reassurance

A

Important for managing anxiety during syncope.

381
Q

Febrile Seizures

A

Seizures caused by fever, common in children.

382
Q

Tonic-Clonic Seizure

A

Seizure with muscle rigidity and jerking movements.

383
Q

Cyanosis

A

Skin turning blue due to ineffective respiration.

384
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood sugar causing potential seizures.

385
Q

Seizure Duration

A

Seizures last longer than syncope events.

386
Q

Incontinence

A

Loss of bladder control during seizure activity.

387
Q

Focal Motor Activity

A

Localized seizure activity in specific body parts.

388
Q

Antiseizure Medications

A

Drugs prescribed to control seizure activity.

389
Q

History of Seizures

A

Prior seizure events may indicate seizure patterns.

390
Q

Altered Mental Status

A

Change in consciousness due to medical conditions.

391
Q

EMS Response

A

Emergency Medical Services’ approach to pediatric seizures.

392
Q

Seizure-like Activity

A

Movements resembling seizures during syncopal events.

393
Q

Risk Factors

A

Conditions increasing likelihood of seizures in children.

394
Q

Oxygen Deficiency

A

Low oxygen levels potentially causing seizures.

395
Q

Metabolic Abnormalities

A

Chemical imbalances that can trigger seizures.

396
Q

Head Injury

A

Trauma to the head that may result in seizures.

397
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of brain membranes, can cause seizures.

398
Q

Brain Tumors

A

Abnormal growths in the brain that may induce seizures.

399
Q

Drug Overdose

A

Excessive drug intake leading to seizure activity.

400
Q

Pediatric Syncope

A

Rare fainting episodes in children, often misidentified.

401
Q

AVPU Scale

A

Assessment tool for responsiveness in altered consciousness.

EMT (13 decks)

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