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EMT > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Circulatory System

A

Also known as the cardiovascular system.

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2
Q

Cardiac Conduction System

A

Generates electrical impulses for heart function.

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3
Q

Conductivity

A

Property allowing rapid impulse conduction in heart.

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4
Q

Automaticity

A

Ability of pacemaker sites to generate impulses independently.

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5
Q

Sinoatrial Node

A

Primary pacemaker located in right atrium.

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6
Q

Atrioventricular Node

A

Secondary pacemaker activated if SA node fails.

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7
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

Deliver impulses to heart’s contractile cells.

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8
Q

Contractile Cells

A

Heart cells responsible for muscle contraction.

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9
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Increases heart rate and contractile force.

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10
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Slows heart rate and reduces contraction force.

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11
Q

Atria

A

Upper chambers of the heart.

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12
Q

Ventricles

A

Lower chambers of the heart.

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13
Q

Cardiac Arrest

A

Sudden loss of heart function.

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14
Q

Defibrillation

A

Electrical shock to restore heart rhythm.

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15
Q

Superior Vena Cava

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

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16
Q

Pulmonary Arteries

A

Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

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17
Q

Pulmonary Veins

A

Return oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.

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18
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

Valves between right atrium and right ventricle.

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19
Q

Pulmonic Semilunar Valve

A

Ejects blood from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries.

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20
Q

Right Ventricular Heart Failure

A

Failure of right ventricle to pump effectively.

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21
Q

Cor Pulmonale

A

Right heart failure due to lung disease.

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22
Q

Myocardium

A

Heart muscle responsible for contraction.

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23
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer layer surrounding the myocardium.

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24
Q

Interventricular Septum

A

Wall separating the left and right ventricles.

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25
Q

Apex

A

Lowest point of the heart.

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26
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

Percentage of blood pumped from ventricle per beat.

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27
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Volume of blood pumped by heart per minute.

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28
Q

Blood Flow Requirements

A

Body’s need for adequate blood circulation.

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29
Q

Venae Cavae

A

Largest veins returning deoxygenated blood to heart.

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30
Q

Left Atrium

A

Chamber receiving oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins.

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31
Q

Mitral Valve

A

Valve between left atrium and left ventricle.

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32
Q

Left Ventricle

A

Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta.

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33
Q

Aortic Semilunar Valve

A

Valve allowing blood flow from left ventricle to aorta.

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34
Q

Aorta

A

Main artery distributing oxygenated blood to the body.

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35
Q

Hypertension

A

Condition of excessively high blood pressure.

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36
Q

Heart Failure

A

Inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood.

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37
Q

Pulmonary Edema

A

Fluid accumulation in lungs due to heart failure.

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38
Q

Deoxygenated Blood

A

Blood low in oxygen, high in carbon dioxide.

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39
Q

Capillaries

A

Thin-walled vessels for nutrient and gas exchange.

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40
Q

Venules

A

Small vessels collecting deoxygenated blood from capillaries.

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41
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

Supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.

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42
Q

Right Coronary Artery

A

Branches off aorta, supplies right heart structures.

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43
Q

Left Coronary Artery

A

Branches off aorta, supplies left heart structures.

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44
Q

Anterior Descending Branch

A

Supplies blood to the front of the heart.

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45
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Pressure exerted by fluid in the blood vessels.

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46
Q

Oncotic Pressure

A

Pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma.

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47
Q

Cardiac Rhythm Disturbances

A

Irregular heartbeats affecting blood circulation.

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48
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the heart muscle.

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49
Q

Post-partum Cardiomyopathy

A

Heart failure occurring after childbirth.

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50
Q

External Iliac Arteries

A

Supply blood to the lower limbs.

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51
Q

Internal Iliac Arteries

A

Supply blood to pelvic organs.

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52
Q

Great Saphenous Vein

A

Longest vein in the body, runs along the leg.

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53
Q

Inferior Vena Cava

A

Returns deoxygenated blood from lower body to heart.

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54
Q

Brachial Artery

A

Major artery supplying the arm.

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55
Q

Renal Artery

A

Supplies blood to the kidneys.

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56
Q

Femoral Artery

A

Major artery supplying the thigh.

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57
Q

Heart

A

Muscle requiring oxygenated blood to pump effectively.

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58
Q

Tourniquet Analogy

A

Demonstrates muscle fatigue without oxygen supply.

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59
Q

Hypoxia

A

Oxygen deprivation leading to cell death.

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60
Q

Ischemia

A

Reduced blood flow causing tissue damage.

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61
Q

Heart Attack

A

Result of prolonged ischemia leading to muscle death.

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62
Q

Cardiac Rhythms

A

Electrical impulses regulating heartbeats.

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63
Q

Blood Components

A

Elements including red cells, white cells, platelets.

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64
Q

Serum/Plasma

A

Liquid portion of blood transporting formed elements.

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65
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

Carry oxygen to body tissues.

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66
Q

White Blood Cells

A

Protect body against infections.

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67
Q

Platelets

A

Cellular elements aiding in blood clotting.

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68
Q

Coagulation Process

A

Blood response to injury forming clots.

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69
Q

Thrombus

A

Clot formed in response to blood vessel injury.

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70
Q

Thrombin

A

Protein activating clot formation.

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71
Q

Fibrin

A

Protein strands strengthening blood clots.

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72
Q

Plaque

A

Fatty deposits in arteries causing blockages.

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73
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Artery occlusion from plaque buildup.

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74
Q

Endothelium

A

Inner wall of blood vessels.

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75
Q

Atrial Systole

A

Contraction of atria ejecting blood into ventricles.

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76
Q

Ventricular Systole

A

Contraction of ventricles pumping blood out.

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77
Q

Diastolic Phase

A

Heart muscle relaxation and filling phase.

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78
Q

Dysrhythmias

A

Abnormal heart rhythms potentially causing death.

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79
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

Graphic representation of heart’s electrical activity.

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80
Q

Depolarization

A

Electrical charge change causing heart contraction.

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81
Q

Repolarization

A

Return to resting charge causing heart relaxation.

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82
Q

P Wave

A

ECG waveform representing atrial depolarization.

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83
Q

QRS Complex

A

ECG component indicating ventricular contraction.

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84
Q

T Wave

A

ECG phase preparing for next heartbeat.

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85
Q

ECG

A

Graphic representation of heart’s electrical activity.

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86
Q

P wave

A

First ECG waveform; atrial depolarization.

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87
Q

QRS complex

A

Second ECG waveform; ventricular depolarization.

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88
Q

T wave

A

Third ECG waveform; ventricular repolarization.

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89
Q

PR interval

A

Time from P wave to QRS complex.

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90
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

Heart’s natural pacemaker generating impulses.

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91
Q

Normal sinus rhythm

A

Regularly spaced ECG peaks indicating heart function.

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92
Q

Premature ventricular complexes (PVC)

A

Uncoordinated ventricular electrical impulses.

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93
Q

Ventricular tachycardia (V-Tach)

A

Rapid heart rate with closely spaced peaks.

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94
Q

Ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib)

A

Disorganized electrical activity in ventricles.

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95
Q

Blood pressure

A

Pressure against arterial walls during circulation.

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96
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

Pressure during heart contraction.

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97
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

Pressure when heart is at rest.

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98
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of blood vessels increases pressure.

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99
Q

Vasodilation

A

Widening of blood vessels decreases pressure.

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100
Q

Perfusion

A

Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells.

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101
Q

Shock

A

Profound depression of cell perfusion.

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102
Q

Hypoperfusion

A

Inadequate blood flow to tissues.

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103
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Low blood volume affecting circulation.

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104
Q

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

Narrowing and hardening of coronary arteries.

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105
Q

Cardiac compromise

A

Conditions affecting heart function and health.

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106
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Stiffening of arterial structures.

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107
Q

Endothelial injury

A

Damage to blood vessel lining leading to disease.

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108
Q

Inflammatory disease

A

Condition involving inflammation of blood vessels.

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109
Q

Risk factors for atherosclerosis

A

Smoking, diabetes, hypertension, LDL, HDL levels.

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110
Q

Intimal changes

A

Alterations in innermost blood vessel lining.

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111
Q

Smooth muscle cells

A

Cells in blood vessel walls contributing to contraction.

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112
Q

Fatty Streaks

A

Initial lesions in blood vessels from cell proliferation.

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113
Q

Fibrous Cap

A

Collagen covering fatty streaks, stabilizing plaque.

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114
Q

Thrombus

A

Clot that may occlude blood vessels.

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115
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Buildup of fatty deposits in arteries.

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116
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A

Narrowing of coronary arteries reducing blood flow.

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117
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

A

Sudden heart conditions from artery narrowing or blockage.

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118
Q

Unstable Angina

A

Prolonged chest pain at rest or worsening symptoms.

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119
Q

Myocardial Ischemia

A

Inadequate oxygen delivery to heart muscle.

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120
Q

Ischemic Chest Pain

A

Discomfort due to heart muscle oxygen deficiency.

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121
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Chest pain symptom associated with coronary artery disease.

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122
Q

Classic Angina

A

Occurs with increased heart workload or exertion.

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123
Q

Tissue Hypoxia

A

Oxygen deficiency in tissues, often due to ischemia.

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124
Q

Radiating Pain

A

Discomfort spreading to jaw, arms, or back.

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125
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

Medication used for angina relief.

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126
Q

Chest Discomfort

A

Patient’s term for angina, often not described as pain.

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127
Q

Precipitating Factors

A

Triggers like exertion or stress causing angina.

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128
Q

Duration of Angina

A

Typically lasts 2 to 15 minutes.

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129
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

Heart attack due to prolonged ischemia.

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130
Q

Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction

A

Includes sweating, nausea, and prolonged discomfort.

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131
Q

Emergency Medical Care

A

Immediate treatment for angina or ACS symptoms.

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132
Q

Elderly Presentation

A

May show atypical symptoms of angina.

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133
Q

Nocturnal Angina

A

Angina that wakes the patient at night.

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134
Q

Chest Pain Assessment

A

Evaluate all chest pain as potential cardiac emergency.

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135
Q

Coronary Artery Spasm

A

Temporary tightening of coronary arteries reducing blood flow.

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136
Q

Emotional Stress

A

Can trigger angina due to increased heart demand.

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137
Q

Cool, Clammy Skin

A

Physical sign often associated with myocardial infarction.

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138
Q

Diaphoresis

A

Excessive sweating, common during cardiac events.

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139
Q

Epigastric Pain

A

Upper abdominal discomfort, sometimes mistaken for angina.

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140
Q

Chest Pressure

A

Common description of angina discomfort.

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141
Q

Angina

A

Chest pain due to reduced blood flow.

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142
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome

A

A range of conditions associated with sudden reduced blood flow.

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143
Q

Positive Pressure Ventilation

A

Assisted breathing technique for inadequate respirations.

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144
Q

Pulse Oximeter

A

Device measuring blood oxygen saturation levels.

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145
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficulty or labored breathing.

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146
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Low oxygen levels in the blood.

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147
Q

Supplemental Oxygen

A

Additional oxygen provided to improve oxygenation.

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148
Q

Nasal Cannula

A

Device delivering oxygen through the nostrils.

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149
Q

Nonrebreather Mask

A

Mask providing high-flow oxygen to patients.

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150
Q

Systolic Blood Pressure

A

Pressure in arteries during heartbeats.

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151
Q

Aspirin

A

Medication used to reduce blood clotting.

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152
Q

Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

A

Heart muscle death due to oxygen deprivation.

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153
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A

Narrowing of coronary arteries due to plaque.

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154
Q

Ischemia

A

Inadequate blood supply to an organ.

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155
Q

Dysrhythmias

A

Abnormal heart rhythms that can be fatal.

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156
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A

Life-threatening heart rhythm causing cardiac arrest.

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157
Q

Fibrinolytic Agents

A

Medications that dissolve blood clots.

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158
Q

Silent Myocardial Infarction

A

Heart attack without typical chest pain symptoms.

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159
Q

Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

A

Device used to restore normal heart rhythm.

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160
Q

Aortic Aneurysm

A

Dilation of a weakened aortic wall.

161
Q

Aortic Dissection

A

Tear in the aorta’s inner layer.

162
Q

Pulsating Mass

A

Detectable swelling indicating possible aneurysm.

163
Q

Cardiac Arrest

A

Sudden loss of heart function.

164
Q

Reassessment

A

Ongoing evaluation of the patient’s condition.

165
Q

Comfort Position

A

Positioning patient for optimal comfort and breathing.

166
Q

Lead ECG

A

Electrocardiogram used for heart rhythm assessment.

167
Q

Symptoms of Aortic Dissection

A

Severe sharp pain, often in back or arms.

168
Q

Systolic Blood Pressure Difference

A

Difference indicates possible aortic dissection risk.

169
Q

Female Presentation of ACS

A

Symptoms differ from males; often subtler.

170
Q

Leading Cause of Death in Females

A

Coronary heart disease is the primary cause.

171
Q

Classical Symptoms of ACS

A

Dull chest pain, respiratory distress, diaphoresis.

172
Q

Atypical Symptoms of ACS

A

Neck ache, fatigue, epigastric pain, insomnia.

173
Q

Reperfusion

A

Restoration of blood flow to ischemic tissue.

174
Q

Reperfusion Injury

A

Cell damage from free radicals post-reperfusion.

175
Q

Free Radicals

A

Damaging molecules produced during reperfusion.

176
Q

Hyperoxygenation

A

Excessive oxygen leading to cardiac cell damage.

177
Q

Heart Failure

A

Inability of heart to adequately pump blood.

178
Q

Left Ventricular Failure

A

Failure of the heart’s left ventricle to function.

179
Q

Right Ventricular Failure

A

Failure of the heart’s right ventricle to function.

180
Q

Causes of Heart Failure

A

Includes heart attack, valve disorders, hypertension.

181
Q

Signs of Myocardial Infarction

A

Chest pain, nausea, sweating, and fatigue.

182
Q

Oxygen Administration Guidelines

A

Administer to dyspneic or hypoxemic patients only.

183
Q

Nasal Cannula Usage

A

Start at low flow, titrate to achieve oxygen levels.

184
Q

High-Risk Groups for Atypical ACS

A

Includes diabetics and older adults.

185
Q

Myocardial Infarction Complications

A

Higher mortality in females post-event.

186
Q

Emergency Care for ACS

A

Provide care despite atypical symptom presentation.

187
Q

Symptoms of Ischemia

A

Can include back pain and unexplained fatigue.

188
Q

Oxygen’s Role in Ischemia

A

Can worsen damage if administered excessively.

189
Q

Coronary Artery Vasoconstriction

A

Increased oxygen levels can constrict coronary arteries.

190
Q

Pulmonary Edema

A

Fluid accumulation in lungs due to heart failure.

191
Q

Cardiogenic Shock

A

Inadequate blood pumping by heart post-damage.

192
Q

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of left ventricle muscle affecting output.

193
Q

Hypoxia

A

Insufficient oxygen supply to tissues.

194
Q

Jugular Vein Distention

A

Enlarged neck veins indicating right heart failure.

195
Q

Peripheral Edema

A

Swelling in extremities due to fluid retention.

196
Q

Diastolic Blood Pressure

A

Pressure during heart’s relaxation phase.

197
Q

Hypoperfusion

A

Inadequate blood flow to organs.

198
Q

Tachycardia

A

Rapid heart rate exceeding normal limits.

199
Q

Orthopnea

A

Difficulty breathing while lying flat.

200
Q

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea

A

Sudden nighttime breathlessness.

201
Q

Crackles

A

Abnormal lung sounds indicating fluid presence.

202
Q

Diuretics

A

Medications to reduce body fluid volume.

203
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Volume of blood pumped by heart per minute.

204
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension

A

Increased pressure in pulmonary vessels.

205
Q

Myocardial Damage

A

Injury to heart muscle, often from heart attack.

206
Q

Edema

A

Swelling caused by fluid accumulation.

207
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Pressure exerted by fluid in blood vessels.

208
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish discoloration due to low oxygen.

209
Q

Agitation

A

Restlessness due to inadequate oxygen supply.

210
Q

Abdominal Distension

A

Swelling of the abdomen from fluid buildup.

211
Q

Sponge-like Abdomen

A

Soft, distended abdomen indicating fluid retention.

212
Q

Patent Airway

A

An unobstructed airway allowing normal breathing.

213
Q

Gas Exchange

A

Process of oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer.

214
Q

Poor Perfusion

A

Inadequate blood flow to tissues and organs.

215
Q

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)

A

Device delivering continuous air pressure to keep airways open.

216
Q

Ventricular Assist Device (VAD)

A

Device assisting heart’s pumping function, often awaiting transplant.

217
Q

Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD)

A

VAD specifically supporting the left ventricle’s function.

218
Q

VAD Components

A

Includes pump, electronic controller, and batteries.

219
Q

Primary Assessment

A

Initial evaluation focusing on life-threatening conditions.

220
Q

Secondary Assessment

A

Detailed examination following primary assessment.

221
Q

Continuous Blood Flow

A

Uninterrupted blood circulation provided by VAD.

222
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to internal sounds of the body for diagnosis.

223
Q

Whirling Sound

A

Sound indicating functioning of a VAD.

224
Q

Mental Status

A

Patient’s level of consciousness and cognitive function.

225
Q

Identification Card

A

Card containing VAD patient information and contacts.

226
Q

Local Protocol

A

Guidelines for treatment and transport of patients.

227
Q

Infection Assessment

A

Evaluation for signs of infection at VAD insertion site.

228
Q

Cardiac Defibrillator

A

Device used to restore normal heart rhythm.

229
Q

Sepsis

A

Life-threatening response to infection affecting the whole body.

230
Q

Biventricular assist device (BiVAD)

A

A type of implantable ventricular assist device that supports both ventricles of the heart.

231
Q

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

A

An implantable device that helps the left ventricle pump blood to the body.

232
Q

Right ventricular assist device (RVAD)

A

An implantable device that helps the right ventricle pump blood to the lungs.

233
Q

Ventricular assist device (VAD)

A

A mechanical pump that supports heart function and blood flow in individuals with weakened hearts.

234
Q

Patient Care Goals

A

Rapid identification of cardiovascular compromise and VAD-related malfunctions or complications.

235
Q

Inclusion Criteria

A

Criteria for adult patients with VADs who exhibit symptoms of cardiovascular compromise or are in cardiac arrest.

236
Q

Assessment for pump malfunction

A

Evaluate alarms, auscultate pump sounds, and check for signs of hypoperfusion.

237
Q

VAD malfunction troubleshooting

A

Contact VAD-trained companion or coordinator, check connections, change batteries, and assess patient tolerance.

238
Q

Management of airway

A

Implement airway management as indicated for patients with VADs.

239
Q

Cardiac monitoring

A

Continuous observation of the patient’s heart activity.

240
Q

Lead EKG acquisition

A

Obtain a lead electrocardiogram to monitor heart activity.

241
Q

Transport for VAD-related complications

A

Expedite transport to the medical facility where the VAD was placed if clinically appropriate.

242
Q

Hypoperfused patient management

A

Consider ALS for fluid administration using isotonic fluid with a maximum dose over a specified time.

243
Q

Cardiac arrest protocol

A

CPR should not be performed if the VAD pump is functioning; confirm pump status before initiating CPR.

244
Q

Non-invasive blood pressure measurement

A

May be difficult due to narrow pulse pressure from continuous flow pumps.

245
Q

VAD complications

A

Potential issues include infection, stroke, bleeding, arrhythmias, and cardiac tamponade.

246
Q

Chronic hypertension

A

A common condition affecting about 30% of the population in the U.S.

247
Q

Acute hypertension

A

Often results from sympathetic nervous system discharge due to anxiety and pain during emergencies.

248
Q

Cardiac arrest

A

Occurs when the heart is not pumping effectively or at all, resulting in no detectable pulses.

249
Q

Nitroglycerin indications

A

Signs of chest pain consistent with acute coronary syndrome and physician-prescribed nitroglycerin.

250
Q

Nitroglycerin contraindications

A

Conditions include low baseline systolic blood pressure, certain heart rates, suspected head injury, and recent use of specific medications.

251
Q

Nitroglycerin medication form

A

Available as a tablet or sublingual spray.

252
Q

Nitroglycerin dosage

A

One tablet or spray under the tongue, with a maximum of three doses, based on specific criteria.

253
Q

Nitroglycerin administration steps

A

Complete patient assessment, check vital signs, obtain medical direction, and administer medication under the tongue.

254
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

Medication used to dilate blood vessels.

255
Q

Sublingual

A

Administration method under the tongue.

256
Q

Reassessment

A

Monitoring patient after nitroglycerin administration.

257
Q

Blood Pressure Monitoring

A

Frequent checks during nitroglycerin treatment.

258
Q

Dosage Documentation

A

Record dosage, time, and patient response.

259
Q

Cardiac Oxygen Demand

A

Amount of oxygen the heart requires.

260
Q

Dilation Effects

A

Nitroglycerin dilates coronary and peripheral arteries.

261
Q

Headache

A

Common side effect of nitroglycerin use.

262
Q

Hypotension

A

Drop in blood pressure from medication.

263
Q

Pulse Rate Changes

A

Body compensates for blood vessel dilation.

264
Q

Contraindication

A

Condition preventing nitroglycerin administration.

265
Q

Bradycardia

A

Abnormally slow heart rate, avoid nitroglycerin.

266
Q

Tachycardia

A

Abnormally fast heart rate, avoid nitroglycerin.

267
Q

Tadalafil

A

Medication contraindicated with nitroglycerin.

268
Q

Vardenafil

A

Medication contraindicated with nitroglycerin.

269
Q

Sildenafil

A

Medication contraindicated with nitroglycerin.

270
Q

Maximum Doses

A

Up to three doses of nitroglycerin allowed.

271
Q

Fresh Supply

A

Use recent nitroglycerin to ensure effectiveness.

272
Q

Age-Related Variations

A

Different presentations in pediatric and geriatric patients.

273
Q

Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)

A

Heart defects present at birth, can cause emergencies.

274
Q

Pulmonary Blood Flow

A

Inadequate or excessive flow can indicate CHD.

275
Q

Emergency Medical Care

A

Immediate actions for patients with CHD.

276
Q

Open Airway

A

First step in emergency care for CHD.

277
Q

Oxygen Administration

A

Maintain oxygen levels above 94% in emergencies.

278
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish skin indicating inadequate oxygenation.

279
Q

Hypoxia

A

Low oxygen levels in the body.

280
Q

Shock

A

Critical condition from inadequate blood flow.

281
Q

Patient Response

A

Feedback on medication effectiveness during reassessment.

282
Q

Medical Direction Approval

A

Required before readministration of nitroglycerin.

283
Q

Supplemental Oxygen

A

Additional oxygen for patients showing poor perfusion.

284
Q

Poor Perfusion

A

Inadequate blood flow to tissues and organs.

285
Q

Nasal Cannula

A

Device delivering oxygen through the nostrils.

286
Q

Nonrebreather Mask

A

Oxygen mask preventing re-inhalation of exhaled air.

287
Q

Congenital Heart Disease

A

Heart defects present at birth affecting function.

288
Q

Positive Pressure Ventilation

A

Assisted breathing using a mechanical device.

289
Q

Cardiac Arrest

A

Sudden cessation of heart function and blood circulation.

290
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Low oxygen levels in the blood.

291
Q

Acidosis

A

Excess acidity in the blood or body tissues.

292
Q

Geriatric Patients

A

Older adults requiring specialized medical attention.

293
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome

A

A range of conditions associated with sudden heart issues.

294
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Chronic condition affecting blood sugar regulation.

295
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

Heart attack due to blocked blood supply.

296
Q

Silent Heart Attack

A

Heart attack with minimal or no chest pain.

297
Q

Trauma Patient

A

Individual with injuries requiring urgent care.

298
Q

Asthma

A

Chronic respiratory condition causing airway constriction.

299
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A

Progressive lung disease causing breathing difficulties.

300
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A

Blockage in a pulmonary artery, often from a clot.

301
Q

Emergency Care Steps

A

Protocols for immediate treatment of medical emergencies.

302
Q

Lead ECG

A

Electrocardiogram used to assess heart activity.

303
Q

Heart Failure

A

Condition where heart cannot pump effectively.

304
Q

Dysrhythmias

A

Abnormal heart rhythms affecting normal function.

305
Q

Ventilatory Insufficiency

A

Inability to maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation.

306
Q

Chest Discomfort

A

Generalized pain or pressure in the chest area.

307
Q

Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)

A

First responder providing pre-hospital emergency care.

308
Q

Acute Bronchoconstriction

A

Sudden tightening of muscles around airways.

309
Q

Oxygen Saturation

A

Percentage of oxygen in the blood.

310
Q

Titration

A

Gradual adjustment of medication or flow rate.

311
Q

Caregiver

A

Individual responsible for the patient’s daily care.

312
Q

Edema

A

Swelling due to fluid leakage from vessels.

313
Q

Jugular Vein Distention

A

Enlargement of neck veins indicating heart issues.

314
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficulty breathing, often associated with heart failure.

315
Q

Orthopnea

A

Difficulty breathing while lying flat.

316
Q

Tachypnea

A

Rapid breathing, often a sign of distress.

317
Q

Fowler’s Position

A

Sitting position to aid breathing in patients.

318
Q

CAB Sequence

A

Compressions, Airway, Breathing order for CPR.

319
Q

AED

A

Automated External Defibrillator for cardiac arrest.

320
Q

CPR

A

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation to restore circulation.

321
Q

OPQRST

A

Mnemonic for assessing chest discomfort history.

322
Q

Chest Pain

A

Common symptom indicating potential cardiac issues.

323
Q

Agonal Respirations

A

Gasping breaths indicating severe distress.

324
Q

Levine Sign

A

Clenching fist over chest indicating severe discomfort.

325
Q

Pediatric Dose-Attenuating System

A

AED feature for delivering reduced shock to children.

326
Q

Skin Assessment

A

Evaluation of skin color and temperature for distress.

327
Q

Transport Decision

A

Determining urgency of patient transfer to hospital.

328
Q

Scene Size-Up

A

Initial assessment for safety and security.

329
Q

Primary Assessment

A

Initial evaluation of patient’s condition and responsiveness.

330
Q

Secondary Assessment

A

Detailed evaluation following primary assessment.

331
Q

Altered Mental Status

A

Change in awareness or cognitive function.

332
Q

Radiation of Pain

A

Discomfort spreading to other body areas.

333
Q

Signs of Shock

A

Indicators of inadequate blood flow to organs.

334
Q

Radiation

A

Discomfort traveling to other body parts.

335
Q

Severity Scale

A

Subjective scale to rate discomfort intensity.

336
Q

Intermittent Discomfort

A

Chest discomfort that comes and goes.

337
Q

Percutaneous Intervention

A

Coronary angioplasty to restore blood flow.

338
Q

Fibrinolytic Therapy

A

Medication to dissolve blood clots in vessels.

339
Q

Contraindications for Fibrinolysis

A

Conditions preventing use of clot-dissolving drugs.

340
Q

Systolic Hypertension

A

High blood pressure during heartbeats.

341
Q

Diastolic Hypertension

A

High blood pressure between heartbeats.

342
Q

Patient History

A

Previous heart attack increases current risk.

343
Q

Angina

A

Chest discomfort due to heart strain.

344
Q

Nocturnal Angina

A

Chest pain occurring during sleep.

345
Q

Atypical Presentations

A

Unusual symptoms in heart attack cases.

346
Q

Emergency Medical Services (EMS)

A

First responders for urgent medical situations.

347
Q

Clotting Disorder

A

Condition affecting blood’s ability to clot.

348
Q

Distal Perfusion

A

Blood flow restored to areas beyond blockage.

349
Q

Patient Denial

A

Patients downplaying seriousness of symptoms.

350
Q

Fibrinolytic Checklist

A

Assessment tool for fibrinolytic therapy eligibility.

351
Q

Transport Protocol

A

Guidelines for patient transport decisions.

352
Q

Pulmonary Edema

A

Fluid accumulation in lungs, causing breathing issues.

353
Q

History of Trauma

A

Recent injuries affecting treatment options.

354
Q

Gastrointestinal Bleeding

A

Internal bleeding in digestive tract affecting health.

355
Q

Patient Assessment

A

Evaluation of symptoms and medical history.

356
Q

Symptoms Presentation

A

Patients may show one to five symptoms.

357
Q

Chest Discomfort Locations

A

Common areas include chest, neck, jaw, arms.

358
Q

Jugular Venous Distention

A

Indicates possible heart failure or cardiac tamponade.

359
Q

Cyanotic Mucous Membranes

A

Sign of hypoxia in the oral cavity.

360
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening for abnormal breath sounds in the chest.

361
Q

Peripheral Edema

A

Swelling indicating heart failure in extremities.

362
Q

Presacral Edema

A

Fluid accumulation in lower back, often supine.

363
Q

Signs of Cardiac Compromise

A

Includes chest pain, sweating, cool skin.

364
Q

Anxiety in ACS

A

Common symptom indicating distress or impending doom.

365
Q

Vital Signs Monitoring

A

Essential for assessing patient condition during exam.

366
Q

Nitroglycerin Administration

A

Protocol-based treatment for chest pain relief.

367
Q

Aspirin Indications

A

Given for chest pain suggestive of ACS.

368
Q

Aspirin Contraindications

A

Avoid in patients with known allergies.

369
Q

Aspirin Dosage

A

Administer nonenteric tablet as soon as possible.

370
Q

Antiplatelet Effect

A

Aspirin reduces platelet clumping and clot formation.

371
Q

Reassessment After Aspirin

A

Monitor patient condition post-administration.

372
Q

Emergency Medical Care Steps

A

Includes reassurance, oxygen, nitroglycerin, aspirin.

373
Q

Cool, Pale Skin

A

May indicate poor perfusion or shock.

374
Q

Irregular Pulse Rate

A

Abnormal heart rhythm often seen in ACS.

375
Q

Nausea and Vomiting

A

Common symptoms associated with heart issues.

376
Q

Chest Pain Radiation

A

Pain may radiate to back, jaw, or arms.

377
Q

Emergency Transport

A

Initiate early transport for acute coronary patients.

378
Q

Patient Comfort Position

A

Often sitting up to alleviate anxiety.

379
Q

Fluid in Alveoli

A

Indicates left ventricular heart failure.

380
Q

Hypoxia Indicators

A

Sluggish pupils and cyanosis suggest oxygen deficiency.

381
Q

Automated External Defibrillation

A

Device used to restore normal heart rhythm.

382
Q

STEMI

A

ST-elevation myocardial infarction, a severe heart attack.

383
Q

Patient Care Goals

A

Objectives for managing patients with cardiac issues.

384
Q

Inclusion Criteria

A

Signs indicating potential cardiac origin of symptoms.

385
Q

Symptom Onset

A

Time when patient first experienced symptoms.

386
Q

Lead EKG

A

Primary tool for diagnosing STEMI in patients.

387
Q

Aspirin Administration

A

Chewable, non-enteric-coated aspirin preferred for ACS.

388
Q

Systolic Blood Pressure

A

Must be >90 mmHg for nitroglycerin use.

389
Q

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

A

Medications contraindicated with nitroglycerin use.

390
Q

Patient Safety Considerations

A

Monitoring for clinical deterioration during treatment.

391
Q

Serial EKGs

A

Repeated EKGs to monitor changes in heart rhythm.

392
Q

Emergency Care Algorithm

A

Step-by-step process for managing cardiac compromise.

393
Q

CHF

A

Congestive heart failure, indicating heart’s reduced function.

394
Q

Syncope

A

Temporary loss of consciousness due to low blood flow.

395
Q

Medication List

A

Complete list of patient’s current medications.

396
Q

Transport Decisions

A

Choosing appropriate facility based on patient needs.

397
Q

Patient Presentation

A

Signs and symptoms indicating potential cardiac issues.

398
Q

Vasodilation

A

Widening of blood vessels to improve blood flow.

399
Q

Defibrillator Pads

A

Used to deliver electric shock to restore heart rhythm.

EMT (13 decks)

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