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EMT > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

A chronic condition affecting glucose metabolism.

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2
Q

Glucose

A

Primary energy source for body cells.

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3
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Main food source, broken into simple sugars.

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4
Q

Sucrose

A

Table sugar, a type of carbohydrate.

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5
Q

Lactose

A

Sugar found in milk and dairy products.

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6
Q

Starches

A

Complex carbohydrates found in potatoes and bread.

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7
Q

Simple Sugars

A

Absorbed sugars including glucose, galactose, fructose.

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8
Q

Blood Glucose Level

A

Concentration of glucose in the bloodstream.

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9
Q

Brain Cells

A

Require glucose exclusively for energy.

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10
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Water movement caused by glucose concentration.

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11
Q

Edema

A

Swelling due to excess fluid in tissues.

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12
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Dangerously low blood glucose levels.

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13
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Dangerously high blood glucose levels.

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14
Q

Brain Dysfunction

A

Altered mental status due to glucose depletion.

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15
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone that helps glucose enter cells.

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16
Q

Energy Sources

A

Fats and proteins can substitute for glucose.

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17
Q

Dehydration

A

Loss of water from the body.

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18
Q

Neurologic Injuries

A

Conditions like head injury or stroke.

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19
Q

Glucose Administration

A

Careful use of glucose in neurologic emergencies.

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20
Q

Cell Function

A

Impaired by lack of glucose or excess by-products.

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21
Q

Glucose Absorption

A

Occurs in the digestive tract post-carbohydrate digestion.

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22
Q

Complex Sugars

A

Sugars that are broken down into simpler forms.

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23
Q

Consequences of Low Glucose

A

Deterioration of brain function and potential death.

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24
Q

Excess Glucose

A

Glucose spills into urine, causing dehydration.

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25
Q

Diabetes Complication

A

Dehydration is common in diabetic patients.

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26
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone that lowers blood glucose levels.

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27
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone that raises blood glucose levels.

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28
Q

Pancreas

A

Organ secreting insulin and glucagon.

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29
Q

Glycogen

A

Stored form of glucose in the liver.

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30
Q

Insulin Receptor

A

Site where insulin attaches on cell membranes.

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31
Q

Glucose Transport

A

Insulin opens channels for glucose entry into cells.

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32
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Allows glucose to enter brain without insulin.

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33
Q

Alternative Energy Sources

A

Cells use fats and proteins when glucose is low.

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34
Q

Emergency Care

A

Immediate treatment for low blood glucose levels.

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35
Q

Glucose Metabolism

A

Process of converting glucose to energy in cells.

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36
Q

Insulin Absence

A

Leads to increased blood glucose and cell starvation.

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37
Q

Brain Energy Source

A

Brain exclusively uses glucose for energy.

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38
Q

Glycogen Conversion

A

Glucagon converts glycogen back to glucose.

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39
Q

Noncarbohydrate Conversion

A

Glucagon converts other substances to glucose.

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40
Q

Blood Glucose Levels

A

Glucagon maintains glucose levels during fasting.

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41
Q

Insulin Facilitation

A

Insulin aids glucose movement into cells.

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42
Q

High Blood Glucose

A

Stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas.

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43
Q

Low Blood Glucose

A

Stimulates glucagon secretion from the pancreas.

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44
Q

Cellular Starvation

A

Occurs when glucose cannot enter cells.

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45
Q

Dehydration Mechanism

A

Excess glucose draws water into urine.

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46
Q

Brain Dysfunction

A

Occurs when glucose supply is insufficient.

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47
Q

Epinephrine

A

Hormone released during low blood glucose.

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48
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone that decreases blood glucose levels.

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49
Q

Glycogen

A

Stored form of glucose in liver and muscles.

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50
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Condition of dangerously low blood glucose.

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51
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Process of converting glycogen to glucose.

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52
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose.

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53
Q

Blood Glucose Level (BGL)

A

Measurement of glucose concentration in blood.

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54
Q

Fasting Blood Glucose

A

Blood glucose after not eating for hours.

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55
Q

Normal BGL Range

A

70 to 140 mg/dL for healthy individuals.

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56
Q

Postprandial Glucose

A

Blood glucose level after a meal.

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57
Q

Pancreas

A

Organ that secretes insulin and glucagon.

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58
Q

Liver

A

Organ that stores glycogen and produces glucose.

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59
Q

Kidneys

A

Organs that also release glucose from glycogen.

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60
Q

Glucose Uptake

A

Process of cells absorbing glucose from blood.

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61
Q

Blood Glucose Regulation

A

Maintaining stable blood glucose levels.

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62
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Glands that release epinephrine during stress.

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63
Q

Brain Glucose Sensitivity

A

Brain’s high sensitivity to glucose fluctuations.

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64
Q

Insulin Secretion

A

Release of insulin in response to high glucose.

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65
Q

Glucose Cycle

A

Repeating process of glucose regulation.

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66
Q

Diabetic Regulation

A

Impaired glucose regulation in diabetes.

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67
Q

Normal Metabolism

A

Regular metabolic processes maintaining glucose levels.

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68
Q

Blood Glucose Level (BGL)

A

Amount of glucose in the blood measured in mg/dL.

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69
Q

Glycogen

A

Stored glucose in the liver for energy.

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70
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood glucose, typically BGL of 70 mg/dL or less.

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71
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

High blood glucose, typically BGL greater than 130 mg/dL.

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72
Q

Glucometer

A

Device to measure blood glucose levels accurately.

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73
Q

Capillary Blood

A

Blood obtained from a finger stick for glucose testing.

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74
Q

Normal Blood Glucose Range

A

Typically 70 to 130 mg/dL for nondiabetic patients.

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75
Q

Postprandial Glucose

A

Blood glucose level after eating, rises to 180 mg/dL.

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76
Q

Fasting Blood Glucose

A

Blood glucose level after fasting, should be 70-100 mg/dL.

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77
Q

Diabetic Patient

A

Patient with diabetes, may have higher normal glucose levels.

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78
Q

Assessment Tips

A

Consider last meal timing when checking BGL.

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79
Q

Glucose Measurement Procedure

A

Follow manufacturer’s steps for accurate glucose testing.

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80
Q

Altered Mental Status

A

Primary sign of hypoglycemia indicating low glucose levels.

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81
Q

Carbohydrate-containing Foods

A

Foods that significantly affect blood glucose levels.

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82
Q

Emergency Medical Care

A

Use BGL readings alongside patient history for treatment.

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83
Q

Expired Test Strips

A

Can lead to inaccurate readings in glucose meters.

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84
Q

Calibration of Device

A

Ensures accuracy of blood glucose meter readings.

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85
Q

Glucose Meter Usage

A

Requires proper training to avoid inaccurate results.

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86
Q

Blood Glucose Fluctuations

A

Normal variations based on food intake and activity.

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87
Q

Glucose Concentration Reading

A

Numerical value indicating glucose level in blood.

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88
Q

Diabetic Emergency

A

Condition requiring immediate treatment based on BGL.

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89
Q

Energy Sources

A

Fats and proteins used when glycogen stores are depleted.

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90
Q

Portable Blood Glucose Meters

A

Devices used by EMS and patients for glucose testing.

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91
Q

Glucometer

A

Device for measuring blood glucose levels.

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92
Q

Lancet

A

Small device used to prick the skin.

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93
Q

Lancet device

A

Tool that aids in finger pricking.

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94
Q

Blood flow

A

Movement of blood to the fingers.

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95
Q

Test strip

A

Strip used to analyze blood glucose.

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96
Q

Alcohol swab

A

Used to cleanse the pricking site.

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97
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Abnormally high blood glucose levels.

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98
Q

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

Condition with disrupted carbohydrate metabolism.

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99
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone regulating glucose uptake by cells.

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100
Q

Cell receptors

A

Sites that recognize insulin for glucose entry.

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101
Q

Glucose metabolism

A

Process of using glucose for energy.

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102
Q

Blood glucose value

A

Result displayed after glucose testing.

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103
Q

Biohazard container

A

Container for disposing of medical waste.

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104
Q

Pricking technique

A

Method for obtaining blood sample efficiently.

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105
Q

Warm fingers

A

Improves blood flow for better sampling.

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106
Q

Drop of blood

A

Required amount for glucose testing.

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107
Q

Waste first drop

A

First blood drop is discarded for accuracy.

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108
Q

Testing time

A

Blood glucose value displayed in 40-45 seconds.

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109
Q

Glucose entry

A

Process of glucose entering cells for energy.

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110
Q

Energy starvation

A

Cells lack glucose, must use fat for energy.

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111
Q

Brain glucose access

A

Brain cells can use glucose without insulin.

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112
Q

Manufacturer’s recommendations

A

Guidelines for using glucose meters and strips.

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113
Q

Blood glucose collection

A

Gathering blood for testing from fingertip.

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114
Q

Blood Glucose Level

A

Concentration of glucose in the blood.

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115
Q

Kidney Reabsorption

A

Process of kidneys reclaiming substances from urine.

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116
Q

Polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst due to dehydration.

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117
Q

Polyuria

A

Frequent urination caused by high glucose.

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118
Q

Polyphagia

A

Increased hunger due to energy starvation.

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119
Q

Three Ps

A

Common signs of diabetes: polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia.

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120
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

High blood glucose levels in diabetes.

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121
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Insulin-dependent diabetes, requires insulin injections.

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122
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes, managed with diet and drugs.

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123
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

Severe hyperglycemic condition in Type 1 diabetes.

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124
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood glucose levels, can be dangerous.

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125
Q

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)

A

Severe hyperglycemia without ketosis in Type 2 diabetes.

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126
Q

A1C Test

A

Measures average blood glucose over three months.

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127
Q

Fasting Blood Glucose

A

Blood glucose after fasting, typically >126 mg/dL in diabetes.

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128
Q

Random Blood Glucose

A

Blood glucose at any time, typically >200 mg/dL in diabetes.

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129
Q

Dehydration

A

Loss of body water, often due to polyuria.

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130
Q

Blurry Vision

A

Visual impairment due to fluid changes from glucose.

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131
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone regulating blood glucose levels.

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132
Q

Diet and Exercise

A

Key management strategies for Type 2 diabetes.

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133
Q

Fat Deposits

A

Blockages in blood vessels leading to complications.

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134
Q

Diabetes Prevalence

A

Approximately 10% of the population has diabetes.

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135
Q

Demographics of Diabetes

A

More common in white individuals than non-white.

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136
Q

Peak Onset Ages

A

Type 1 diabetes peaks at ages 5-15 and 10-14.

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137
Q

A1C Test

A

Measures average blood glucose over months.

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138
Q

Normal A1C Range

A

Normal A1C for non-diabetics is 4-5.6%.

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139
Q

Prediabetes A1C Range

A

A1C between 5.7-6.4% indicates prediabetes.

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140
Q

Diabetes A1C Level

A

A1C of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes.

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141
Q

Blood Sugar Levels

A

Table correlates A1C percentage with blood sugar.

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142
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood glucose level, typically below 70 mg/dL.

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143
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

High blood glucose level, exceeding normal limits.

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144
Q

Acute Diabetic Emergencies

A

Conditions from extreme blood glucose levels.

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145
Q

Altered Mental Status

A

Common sign of hypoglycemia in diabetics.

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146
Q

Insulin Overdose

A

Excess insulin can cause severe hypoglycemia.

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147
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

More prone to hypoglycemia due to insulin use.

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148
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Can also experience hypoglycemia from medications.

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149
Q

Brain Energy Source

A

Brain cells primarily use glucose for energy.

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150
Q

Severe Hypoglycemia

A

Annual severe episodes in diabetics are common.

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151
Q

Self-Treated Hypoglycemia

A

Mild episodes occur 1-2 times weekly.

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152
Q

Insulin Function

A

Insulin helps move glucose into body cells.

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153
Q

BGL Definition

A

Blood glucose level; critical for diabetes management.

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154
Q

Hypoglycemia Symptoms

A

Signs include confusion, dizziness, and weakness.

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155
Q

Insulin and Meals

A

Insulin must be balanced with food intake.

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156
Q

Prolonged Hypoglycemia

A

Can occur with long-lasting oral diabetes medications.

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157
Q

Emergency Monitoring

A

Patients need monitoring if hypoglycemia is severe.

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158
Q

Glucose Binding

A

Glucose binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

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159
Q

A1C Correlation Table

A

Table 20-2 shows A1C and average blood sugar.

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160
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood glucose causing brain dysfunction.

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161
Q

Insulin Shock

A

Historical term for severe hypoglycemia symptoms.

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162
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone that increases blood glucose levels.

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163
Q

Tachycardia

A

Increased heart rate due to hypoglycemia.

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164
Q

Diaphoresis

A

Excessive sweating associated with hypoglycemia.

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165
Q

Mental Status Deterioration

A

Indicator of low blood glucose impact.

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166
Q

Brain Cell Dysfunction

A

Failure of brain cells due to glucose deprivation.

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167
Q

Signs of Hypoglycemia

A

Symptoms include confusion, drowsiness, and seizures.

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168
Q

Rapid Onset

A

Hypoglycemia symptoms appear within minutes.

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169
Q

Bizarre Behavior

A

Unusual actions due to hypoglycemia effects.

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170
Q

Pale, Cool Skin

A

Skin appearance during hypoglycemic episodes.

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171
Q

Warm Sensation

A

Feeling experienced during hypoglycemic reactions.

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172
Q

Seizures

A

Severe hypoglycemia can lead to convulsions.

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173
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Weakness on one side, mimicking stroke symptoms.

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174
Q

Altered Mental Status

A

Change in consciousness due to hypoglycemia.

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175
Q

Blood Glucose Levels

A

Critical for diagnosing hypoglycemia severity.

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176
Q

Medical Identification

A

Bracelets indicating diabetes for emergency recognition.

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177
Q

Intoxicated Appearance

A

Hypoglycemia may mimic alcohol intoxication.

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178
Q

Glucose Meter

A

Device used to measure blood glucose levels.

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179
Q

Treatment for Hypoglycemia

A

Immediate glucose administration to restore levels.

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180
Q

High Index of Suspicion

A

Critical in assessing altered mental status.

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181
Q

Severe Cases

A

Hypoglycemia can lead to coma or death.

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182
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Condition of low blood glucose levels.

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183
Q

Alcohol’s effect on glucose

A

Alcohol inhibits glucose production from noncarbohydrates.

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184
Q

Hypoglycemia Unawareness

A

Inability to recognize hypoglycemia symptoms over time.

185
Q

Emergency Care for Hypoglycemia

A

Immediate sugar administration to raise blood glucose.

186
Q

Open airway

A

First step for unresponsive hypoglycemic patients.

187
Q

Administer oxygen

A

Provide supplemental oxygen if patient shows shock signs.

188
Q

Blood glucose assessment

A

Measure glucose levels to guide treatment.

189
Q

Oral glucose

A

Medication of choice for hypoglycemic patients.

190
Q

Altered mental status

A

Change in consciousness affecting patient response.

191
Q

Positive pressure ventilation

A

Used if breathing is inadequate.

192
Q

Nasal cannula

A

Device for delivering supplemental oxygen.

193
Q

Nonrebreather mask

A

Used when nasal cannula fails to provide oxygen.

194
Q

High-sugar food

A

Quick source to raise blood glucose levels.

195
Q

Brain cell function

A

Dependent on adequate glucose supply.

196
Q

Mental status improvement

A

Occurs when blood glucose levels are restored.

197
Q

Squeeze method

A

Administer oral glucose between cheek and gum.

198
Q

Tongue depressor method

A

Use depressor to place glucose in mouth.

199
Q

Severe hypoglycemia

A

Can lead to brain cell death.

200
Q

Patient reassessment

A

Continuous monitoring for condition changes.

201
Q

Emergency protocols

A

Guidelines for contacting advanced life support.

202
Q

Glucose gel

A

Heavy sugar gel for rapid glucose delivery.

203
Q

Diabetic patients

A

Individuals with diabetes requiring careful glucose management.

204
Q

Glutose

A

A trade name for oral glucose.

205
Q

Insta-Glucose

A

Another trade name for oral glucose.

206
Q

Altered mental status

A

Change in consciousness or awareness level.

207
Q

Diabetes history

A

Previous diagnosis of diabetes requiring medication.

208
Q

Blood glucose level

A

Measurement of glucose concentration in blood.

209
Q

Swallowing ability

A

Patient’s capacity to safely ingest medication.

210
Q

Contraindications

A

Conditions preventing safe administration of medication.

211
Q

Unresponsive patient

A

A patient who does not respond to stimuli.

212
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood glucose level requiring treatment.

213
Q

Medication form

A

Oral glucose is a viscous gel.

214
Q

Dosage

A

Typical dosage is one tube of gel.

215
Q

Medical direction

A

Guidance from a medical professional for treatment.

216
Q

On-line order

A

Direct consultation with medical direction before administration.

217
Q

Off-line medical direction

A

Authority to administer without direct consultation.

218
Q

Airway monitoring

A

Observation to prevent obstruction during administration.

219
Q

Administration methods

A

Two ways: cheek and gum or tongue depressor.

220
Q

Choking risk

A

Potential danger of obstructing airway with gel.

221
Q

Absorption enhancement

A

Lightly massaging the area increases glucose uptake.

222
Q

Blood glucose reassessment

A

Evaluation of glucose levels after medication administration.

223
Q

Oxygen administration

A

Providing oxygen at high concentration if needed.

224
Q

Protocol requirements

A

Local guidelines for administering oral glucose.

225
Q

Criteria for administration

A

Three conditions must be met for oral glucose use.

226
Q

Seizure preparedness

A

Be ready to suction if patient seizes.

227
Q

Altered Mental Status

A

A condition where a patient shows confusion or disorientation.

228
Q

Open Airway

A

Ensure unobstructed breathing passage for the patient.

229
Q

Suctioning

A

Removing obstructions from the airway as needed.

230
Q

Oxygenation

A

Providing adequate oxygen to the patient.

231
Q

Lateral Recumbent Position

A

Patient lying on their side for safety.

232
Q

Transport

A

Moving the patient to a medical facility.

233
Q

Oral Glucose

A

Sugar administered to raise blood glucose levels.

234
Q

Intranasal Glucagon

A

Glucagon administered through the nasal mucosa.

235
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver.

236
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Conversion of noncarbohydrates to glucose in the liver.

237
Q

Blood Glucose Level (BGL)

A

Measurement of glucose concentration in the blood.

238
Q

Mucosal Atomizer Device (MAD)

A

Device used for intranasal medication administration.

239
Q

Intramuscular (IM) Administration

A

Injecting medication directly into muscle tissue.

240
Q

Subcutaneous (SQ) Administration

A

Injecting medication into the tissue layer between skin and muscle.

241
Q

Severe Altered Mental Status

A

Significant confusion requiring immediate medical attention.

242
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Condition of high blood glucose levels.

243
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

Severe complication of diabetes with high glucose and ketones.

244
Q

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)

A

Severe hyperglycemia without ketosis, common in type 2 diabetes.

245
Q

Insulin Deficiency

A

Lack of insulin leading to high blood glucose.

246
Q

Diabetic Patient Assessment

A

Evaluating for infection or medication noncompliance in hyperglycemia.

247
Q

Onset of Action

A

Time taken for a drug to start working.

248
Q

Emergency Care for DKA

A

Immediate treatment needed for high blood glucose and ketones.

249
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

A serious diabetes complication from insulin deficiency.

250
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone that facilitates glucose entry into cells.

251
Q

Glucose

A

Simple sugar used for energy by cells.

252
Q

Ketones

A

By-products of fat metabolism, causing acidosis.

253
Q

Acidosis

A

Condition of increased acidity in the blood.

254
Q

Dehydration

A

Excessive loss of body water, often from urination.

255
Q

Polyuria

A

Excessive urination due to high glucose levels.

256
Q

Polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst resulting from dehydration.

257
Q

Polyphagia

A

Excessive hunger due to lack of glucose in cells.

258
Q

Kussmaul respirations

A

Rapid, deep breathing pattern in acidosis.

259
Q

Altered mental status

A

Cognitive impairment due to dehydration and acidosis.

260
Q

Electrolyte imbalance

A

Disruption of normal electrolyte levels, affecting heart.

261
Q

Urinary tract infection

A

Infection that can exacerbate DKA in patients.

262
Q

Thiazide diuretics

A

Medications that can increase blood glucose levels.

263
Q

Dilantin

A

Medication that may affect insulin function.

264
Q

Steroids

A

Medications that can raise blood glucose levels.

265
Q

Stress response

A

Physiological reaction that can worsen hyperglycemia.

266
Q

Fruity breath odor

A

Characteristic smell from ketone production in DKA.

267
Q

Positive orthostatic tilt test

A

Indicates dehydration by measuring blood pressure changes.

268
Q

Poor skin turgor

A

Indicator of dehydration, especially in elderly.

269
Q

Nausea and vomiting

A

Symptoms often due to electrolyte disturbances.

270
Q

Muscle cramps

A

Result from electrolyte imbalances in DKA.

271
Q

Abdominal pain

A

Common symptom in children with DKA.

272
Q

Warm, dry, flushed skin

A

Physical sign of dehydration in DKA. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

273
Q

Kussmaul respirations

A

Deep, rapid breathing to reduce body acid.

274
Q

Carbon dioxide

A

Gas that forms carbonic acid in the body.

275
Q

Fruity odor

A

Breath smell from ketones, resembling acetone.

276
Q

Altered mental status

A

Cognitive impairment due to dehydration and acid.

277
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Increased breathing rate to expel carbon dioxide.

278
Q

Dehydration

A

Excessive loss of body fluids, common in DKA.

279
Q

Signs of DKA

A

Dry skin, fruity breath, and altered mental state.

280
Q

Blood glucose level

A

Elevated in DKA, often exceeding normal limits.

281
Q

Emergency care for DKA

A

Focus on rehydration and lowering blood glucose.

282
Q

Insulin therapy

A

Administered to reduce blood glucose in DKA.

283
Q

Patient assessment

A

Evaluate signs and symptoms of diabetic emergencies.

284
Q

Acid load

A

Excess acid in the body, affecting function.

285
Q

Ketone bodies

A

Acids produced during fat metabolism in DKA.

286
Q

Acute effects

A

Rapid onset symptoms, unlike DKA’s gradual progression.

287
Q

Tachycardia

A

Increased heart rate, common in DKA.

288
Q

Emergency medical technician (EMT)

A

First responders providing initial care for DKA.

289
Q

Advanced life support (ALS)

A

Higher level of care, including IV fluids.

290
Q

Oral hypoglycemic agents

A

Medications used to manage blood glucose levels.

291
Q

Vomiting in DKA

A

Common symptom indicating gastrointestinal distress.

292
Q

Abdominal pain

A

Frequent complaint in DKA patients.

293
Q

Patient airway management

A

Crucial first step in emergency DKA care.

294
Q

Poor perfusion

A

Inadequate blood flow to tissues.

295
Q

Shock

A

Critical condition with insufficient blood circulation.

296
Q

Supplemental oxygen

A

Additional oxygen provided to maintain adequate levels.

297
Q

Oxygen saturation

A

Percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen.

298
Q

Nasal cannula

A

Device delivering supplemental oxygen via nostrils.

299
Q

Liter flow

A

Rate of oxygen delivery measured in liters per minute.

300
Q

Nonrebreather mask

A

Oxygen mask preventing rebreathing of exhaled air.

301
Q

Positive pressure ventilation

A

Assisted breathing using mechanical devices.

302
Q

Blood glucose level (BGL)

A

Measurement of glucose concentration in blood.

303
Q

Oral glucose

A

Glucose administered by mouth for hypoglycemia.

304
Q

Hyperglycemic condition

A

State of elevated blood glucose levels.

305
Q

Hypoglycemic condition

A

State of low blood glucose levels.

306
Q

Brain cell damage

A

Cellular injury due to lack of glucose.

307
Q

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)

A

Severe hyperglycemia causing dehydration and osmotic diuresis.

308
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

Acidosis due to ketone production from fat metabolism.

309
Q

Hyperosmolar effect

A

Fluid shift from cells to blood due to glucose.

310
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Diabetes characterized by insulin resistance.

311
Q

Insulin secretion

A

Release of insulin hormone from the pancreas.

312
Q

Dehydration

A

Loss of body fluids leading to electrolyte imbalance.

313
Q

Glucose meter reading

A

Measurement of blood glucose using a device.

314
Q

Intracranial problems

A

Conditions affecting the brain’s structure or function.

315
Q

Glucose administration protocols

A

Guidelines for safe glucose delivery in emergencies.

316
Q

Neurological outcome

A

Result of brain function following medical treatment.

317
Q

HHS

A

Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome, severe dehydration condition.

318
Q

Nonketotic

A

Refers to absence of significant ketone production.

319
Q

Blood Glucose Level (BGL)

A

Measure of glucose concentration in blood.

320
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Liver process converting glycogen to glucose.

321
Q

Dehydration

A

Loss of body water, leading to severe symptoms.

322
Q

Altered Mental Status

A

Cognitive impairment due to dehydration effects.

323
Q

Tachycardia

A

Increased heart rate, common in HHS patients.

324
Q

Polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst, a symptom of HHS.

325
Q

Oliguria

A

Scanty urine output, often seen in dehydration.

326
Q

Seizures

A

Neurological events more common in HHS than hypoglycemia.

327
Q

Comorbid Factors

A

Preexisting conditions influencing HHS severity.

328
Q

Positive Orthostatic Tilt Test

A

Indicates blood pressure changes upon standing.

329
Q

Poor Skin Turgor

A

Skin elasticity loss, sign of dehydration.

330
Q

Dry Oral Mucosa

A

Dryness in mouth, indicative of fluid loss.

331
Q

Dry, Warm Skin

A

Skin condition often observed in dehydrated patients.

332
Q

Nausea and Vomiting

A

Gastrointestinal symptoms associated with HHS.

333
Q

Kussmaul Respirations

A

Deep, labored breathing absent in HHS.

334
Q

Fruity Odor

A

Breath characteristic of DKA, not present in HHS.

335
Q

Emergency Medical Care

A

Similar protocols for HHS and DKA management.

336
Q

Insulin Availability

A

Some insulin present, allowing limited glucose entry.

337
Q

Glucose Urination

A

High glucose levels lead to increased urine output.

338
Q

Mortality Rate

A

High risk of death due to severe dehydration.

339
Q

Patent Airway

A

Clear and open airway for effective breathing.

340
Q

Oxygenation

A

Sufficient oxygen supply to body tissues.

341
Q

Supplemental Oxygen

A

Additional oxygen provided when levels are low.

342
Q

Nasal Cannula

A

Device delivering oxygen through the nose.

343
Q

Titrated Flow

A

Adjusting oxygen flow to achieve target saturation.

344
Q

Nonrebreather Mask

A

Mask providing high concentration oxygen to patients.

345
Q

Positive Pressure Ventilation

A

Assisted breathing using a mechanical device.

346
Q

Oral Glucose

A

Sugar administered by mouth to raise blood sugar.

347
Q

Altered Mental Status

A

Change in awareness or cognitive function.

348
Q

Diabetic Emergency

A

Acute condition related to diabetes management.

349
Q

Scene Size-Up

A

Initial assessment of the emergency scene.

350
Q

Primary Assessment

A

First evaluation of the patient’s condition.

351
Q

Medical Alert Tags

A

Identification indicating a patient’s medical history.

352
Q

Insulin Pump

A

Device delivering continuous insulin to diabetic patients.

353
Q

SAMPLE History

A

Method for gathering patient history: Signs, Allergies, Medications, Past medical history, Last oral intake, Events.

354
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood glucose level causing symptoms.

355
Q

Rehydration

A

Restoration of body fluids, often needed in emergencies.

356
Q

Advanced Life Support

A

Higher level of medical care for critical patients.

357
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Chronic condition affecting blood sugar regulation.

358
Q

Prescription Medications

A

Drugs prescribed for managing diabetes.

359
Q

Documentation

A

Recording patient information for medical personnel.

360
Q

Regular insulin

A

Short-acting insulin for blood glucose control.

361
Q

Insulin aspart

A

Rapid-acting insulin, brand name NovoLog.

362
Q

Insulin glulisine

A

Rapid-acting insulin, brand name Apidra.

363
Q

Insulin lispro

A

Rapid-acting insulin, brand name Humalog.

364
Q

Insulin isophane

A

Intermediate-acting insulin, Humulin N or Novolin N.

365
Q

Insulin degludec

A

Long-acting insulin, brand name Tresiba.

366
Q

Insulin detemir

A

Long-acting insulin, brand name Levemir.

367
Q

Insulin glargine

A

Long-acting insulin, brands Lantus and Toujeo.

368
Q

NovoLog Mix 70/30

A

70% insulin aspart protamine, 30% insulin aspart.

369
Q

Humalog Mix 75/25

A

75% insulin lispro protamine, 25% insulin lispro.

370
Q

Humalog Mix 50/50

A

50% insulin lispro protamine, 50% insulin lispro.

371
Q

Humulin 70/30

A

70% human insulin NPH, 30% regular human insulin.

372
Q

Novolin 70/30

A

70% human insulin NPH, 30% regular human insulin.

373
Q

Ryzodeg

A

Combination of insulin degludec and insulin aspart.

374
Q

Pramlintide

A

Amylin analog for diabetes management.

375
Q

Acarbose

A

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor for Type 2 diabetes.

376
Q

Metformin

A

First-line oral medication for Type 2 diabetes.

377
Q

Sitagliptin

A

DPP-4 inhibitor for blood sugar control.

378
Q

Dulaglutide

A

GLP-1 receptor agonist for Type 2 diabetes.

379
Q

Empagliflozin

A

SGLT2 inhibitor for glucose excretion.

380
Q

Glipizide

A

Sulfonylurea that increases insulin secretion.

381
Q

Altered Mental Status

A

Change in cognitive function due to various causes.

382
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood glucose level causing altered mental state.

383
Q

Epinephrine Release

A

Hormone causing symptoms like tachycardia and sweating.

384
Q

Tachycardia

A

Elevated heart rate often linked to stress or hypoglycemia.

385
Q

Pale Skin

A

Skin appearance due to vasoconstriction or shock.

386
Q

Cool, Clammy Skin

A

Skin condition from hypoglycemia or epinephrine release.

387
Q

Intoxicated Appearance

A

Behavior resembling intoxication due to altered mental state.

388
Q

Seizure Activity

A

Uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain, can occur in hypoglycemia.

389
Q

Bizarre Behavior

A

Uncharacteristic actions often seen in altered mental status.

390
Q

Combativeness

A

Aggressive behavior possibly resulting from confusion or distress.

391
Q

Anxiousness

A

Feeling of unease, common in hypoglycemic patients.

392
Q

Restlessness

A

Inability to remain still, often due to discomfort.

393
Q

Insulin Injection Bruising

A

Marks indicating insulin administration, potential site for complications.

394
Q

Blood Glucose Level (BGL)

A

Measurement of glucose in blood, critical for diabetes management.

395
Q

Oropharyngeal Airway

A

Device used to maintain open airway in unconscious patients.

396
Q

Nasopharyngeal Airway

A

Tube inserted through the nose to secure airway.

397
Q

Positive Pressure Ventilation

A

Assisted breathing technique for inadequate respiratory function.

398
Q

Nasal Cannula

A

Device delivering supplemental oxygen through the nose.

399
Q

Nonrebreather Mask

A

Oxygen delivery mask providing high concentration of oxygen.

400
Q

Lateral Recumbent Position

A

Side-lying position to reduce aspiration risk.

401
Q

Reassessment

A

Ongoing evaluation of patient’s condition after treatment.

402
Q

Oral Glucose Administration

A

Providing glucose by mouth to treat hypoglycemia.

403
Q

Glucose Meter

A

Device used to measure blood glucose levels.

404
Q

Time for Improvement

A

Duration before effects of oral glucose are noticeable.

405
Q

Blood Glucose Level

A

Measurement of glucose concentration in blood.

406
Q

Mental Status

A

Patient’s awareness and cognitive function level.

407
Q

Stroke

A

Sudden loss of brain function due to blood flow.

408
Q

Oral Glucose

A

Sugar administered to raise blood glucose levels.

409
Q

Patent Airway

A

Open airway allowing unobstructed breathing.

410
Q

Adequate Breathing

A

Sufficient respiratory effort for oxygen exchange.

411
Q

Oxygenation

A

Process of delivering oxygen to body tissues.

412
Q

Emergency Care Protocol

A

Guidelines for managing acute medical conditions.

413
Q

Assessment Findings

A

Results from evaluating a patient’s health status.

414
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Condition of low blood glucose levels.

415
Q

Morbidity

A

Health complications resulting from a disease.

416
Q

Glucose Monitoring

A

Regular checking of blood sugar levels.

417
Q

Symptomatic Hypoglycemia

A

Hypoglycemia presenting with clinical symptoms.

418
Q

Inclusion Criteria

A

Conditions qualifying a patient for treatment.

419
Q

Altered Level of Consciousness

A

Change in awareness or responsiveness.

420
Q

Stroke Symptoms

A

Signs indicating possible stroke occurrence.

421
Q

Seizure

A

Sudden uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain.

422
Q

Alcohol Ingestion

A

Consumption of alcoholic beverages affecting health.

423
Q

Metabolic Disorders

A

Conditions disrupting normal metabolism processes.

424
Q

Insulin Pump

A

Device delivering continuous insulin to patients.

425
Q

Tachycardia

A

Abnormally rapid heart rate over 100 bpm.

426
Q

Hypotension

A

Abnormally low blood pressure.

427
Q

GCS

A

Glasgow Coma Scale for assessing consciousness.

428
Q

Dextrose Solution

A

Sugar solution used to treat hypoglycemia.

429
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone used to raise blood glucose levels.

430
Q

Adult Dosing

A

Medication dosage guidelines for adults.

431
Q

Pediatric Dosing

A

Medication dosage guidelines for children.

432
Q

Reassess Patient

A

Evaluate patient’s condition after initial treatment.

433
Q

Euglycemia

A

Normal blood glucose levels.

434
Q

Transport Protocol

A

Guidelines for patient transport after treatment.

435
Q

Legal Guardian Consent

A

Approval from a responsible adult for treatment.

436
Q

Co-morbid Symptoms

A

Additional health issues present alongside primary condition.

437
Q

Carbohydrate Meal

A

Food rich in carbohydrates to restore energy.

438
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Elevated blood glucose levels causing various symptoms.

439
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

Severe complication of diabetes with metabolic acidosis.

440
Q

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)

A

Severe hyperglycemia without significant ketoacidosis.

441
Q

Patient Care Goals

A

Limit morbidity through glucose monitoring and hydration.

442
Q

Inclusion Criteria

A

Conditions for patient eligibility for hyperglycemia care.

443
Q

Altered Level of Consciousness

A

Change in awareness affecting responsiveness and cognition.

444
Q

Stroke Symptoms

A

Neurological signs like hemiparesis or dysarthria.

445
Q

Seizure

A

Sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain.

446
Q

Symptoms of Hyperglycemia

A

Signs include polyuria, polydipsia, weakness, dizziness.

447
Q

History of Diabetes

A

Previous diagnosis of diabetes with current symptoms.

448
Q

Exclusion Criteria

A

Conditions that disqualify a patient from treatment.

449
Q

Cardiac Arrest

A

Condition where the heart stops beating effectively.

450
Q

Blood Glucose Level Monitoring

A

Checking glucose levels to assess hyperglycemia severity.

451
Q

Secondary Survey

A

Comprehensive assessment for symptoms related to glucose levels.

452
Q

Glasgow Coma Score (GCS)

A

Scale to assess consciousness level in patients.

453
Q

Focal Neurologic Deficit

A

Localized neurological impairment indicating brain issues.

454
Q

Lead EKG

A

Electrocardiogram to check heart’s electrical activity.

455
Q

Volume Expansion

A

Administering fluids to increase blood volume.

456
Q

Cerebral Edema

A

Swelling of the brain, potentially life-threatening.

457
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Low sodium levels in the blood, can be dangerous.

458
Q

Asymptomatic Hyperglycemia

A

High blood sugar without noticeable symptoms.

459
Q

Kussmaul Respirations

A

Rapid, deep breathing associated with metabolic acidosis.

EMT (13 decks)

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