Chapter 18 Flashcards

Altered Mental Status

1
Q

Altered Mental Status

A

Significant change in consciousness or awareness.

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2
Q

Reticular Activating System

A

Network of nerve cells regulating wakefulness.

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3
Q

Cerebral Hemisphere

A

One of two halves of the brain.

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4
Q

Coma

A

Unresponsive state with no reaction to stimuli.

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5
Q

Structural Causes

A

Altered mental status from brain lesions or damage.

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6
Q

Toxic-Metabolic Causes

A

Altered mental status from toxins or metabolic issues.

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7
Q

Brain Tumor

A

Abnormal growth affecting brain function.

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8
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Bleeding in or around the brain.

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9
Q

Degenerative Disease

A

Progressive loss of brain function over time.

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10
Q

Severe Hypoxia

A

Critical lack of oxygen to the brain.

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11
Q

Abnormal Blood Glucose

A

High or low blood sugar affecting consciousness.

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12
Q

Liver Failure

A

Inability of the liver to function properly.

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13
Q

Kidney Failure

A

Inadequate kidney function affecting body balance.

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14
Q

Poisoning

A

Toxic substances causing altered mental status.

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15
Q

Shock

A

Critical condition from inadequate blood flow.

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16
Q

CNS Depressants

A

Drugs that reduce brain activity, e.g., narcotics.

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17
Q

Post Seizure

A

Altered state following a seizure episode.

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18
Q

Cardiac Rhythm Disturbance

A

Irregular heartbeat affecting blood flow to brain.

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19
Q

Stroke

A

Interruption of blood supply to the brain.

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20
Q

Scene Size-Up

A

Initial assessment to identify potential causes.

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21
Q

Mechanism of Injury

A

Circumstances leading to physical harm.

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22
Q

Airway Management

A

Ensuring patient can breathe adequately.

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23
Q

Positive Pressure Ventilation

A

Assisted breathing for patients with inadequate ventilation.

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24
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Amount of air moved in one breath.

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25
Q

Secondary Assessment

A

Detailed evaluation after initial stabilization.

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26
Q

Patient History

A

Information about patient’s past medical conditions.

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27
Q

Vital Signs

A

Measurements of essential body functions.

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28
Q

Emergency Medical Responder

A

Individual trained to provide emergency care.

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29
Q

Oxygen Therapy

A

Administration of oxygen to improve oxygenation.

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30
Q

Physical Exam

A

Comprehensive assessment of a patient’s condition.

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31
Q

Pupils

A

Indicators of head injury or drug effects.

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32
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish discoloration indicating hypoxia.

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33
Q

Hypoxia

A

Insufficient oxygen supply to tissues.

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34
Q

Breath Sounds

A

Indicators of respiratory or cardiac conditions.

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35
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in the pleural space causing lung collapse.

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36
Q

Peripheral Edema

A

Swelling indicating congestive heart failure.

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37
Q

Sacral Edema

A

Swelling indicating congestive heart failure.

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38
Q

Narcotics

A

Drugs causing pinpoint pupils and altered consciousness.

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39
Q

Blood Pressure

A

Pressure of blood in arteries; vital sign.

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40
Q

Pulse Oximeter

A

Device measuring oxygen saturation in blood.

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41
Q

Glucometer

A

Device for measuring blood glucose levels.

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42
Q

AEIOU-TIPPSS

A

Mnemonic for causes of altered mental status.

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43
Q

Emergency Medical Care

A

Immediate treatment based on assessment findings.

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44
Q

Spine Motion Restriction

A

Precaution to prevent spinal injury during transport.

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45
Q

Patent Airway

A

Open airway essential for effective ventilation.

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46
Q

Suctioning

A

Clearing airway of secretions or obstructions.

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47
Q

Supplemental Oxygen

A

Additional oxygen provided to maintain saturation.

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48
Q

Lateral Recumbent Position

A

Recovery position to prevent aspiration.

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49
Q

Reassessment

A

Continuous monitoring of patient’s condition.

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50
Q

Pediatric Considerations

A

Special assessment needs for children.

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51
Q

Appearance

A

Visual assessment of a patient’s condition.

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52
Q

Work of Breathing

A

Effort required for effective respiration.

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53
Q

Circulation to Skin

A

Blood flow assessment via skin condition.

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54
Q

Decorticate Posturing

A

Flexed arms, extended legs; indicates severe brain injury.

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55
Q

Decerebrate Posturing

A

Extended arms and legs; indicates brain dysfunction.

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56
Q

Battle’s Sign

A

Bruising behind the ears; sign of head trauma.

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57
Q

Raccoon Eyes

A

Bruising around the eyes; indicator of trauma.

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58
Q

AVPU

A

A scale assessing alertness: Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive.

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59
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale

A

Standard scale for assessing consciousness levels.

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60
Q

Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale (PGCS)

A

Modified GCS for evaluating children’s mental status.

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61
Q

Lethargic

A

State of sluggishness or drowsiness in children.

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62
Q

Inconsolable

A

Child cannot be comforted or calmed.

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63
Q

Agitated

A

State of restlessness or extreme emotional disturbance.

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64
Q

Open Airway

A

Clear passage for breathing; essential in emergencies.

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65
Q

Suction

A

Removal of secretions to maintain airway patency.

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66
Q

BRUE

A

Brief Resolved Unexplained Event in infants.

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67
Q

Transient Symptoms

A

Temporary symptoms affecting infants during BRUE.

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68
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood sugar levels requiring immediate attention.

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69
Q

Cognitive Impairment

A

Decline in thinking, memory, and judgment abilities.

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70
Q

Six-Item Screener

A

Tool for identifying cognitive impairment in patients.

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71
Q

Delirium

A

Acute confusion often reversible with treatment.

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72
Q

Dementia

A

Chronic decline in cognitive function, often progressive.

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73
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Common form of dementia characterized by memory loss.

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74
Q

Transport Protocol

A

Guidelines for moving patients to medical facilities.

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75
Q

Blood Glucose Level

A

Measurement of sugar levels in the blood.

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76
Q

Sepsis

A

Severe infection leading to systemic inflammatory response.

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77
Q

Respiratory Infection

A

Infection affecting the airways and lungs.

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78
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

Chronic digestive condition affecting the esophagus.

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79
Q

Acute Coronary Syndromes

A

Group of conditions associated with sudden heart issues.

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80
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Abnormally high body temperature due to failed thermoregulation.

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81
Q

Hypothermia

A

Abnormally low body temperature, often life-threatening.

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82
Q

Neurogenic Disorders

A

Replaced term for dementia in DSM-5.

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83
Q

Morbidity

A

Incidence of disease or health complications.

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84
Q

Mortality

A

Incidence of death within a population.

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85
Q

Neurologic Deficit

A

Deficiency in brain or nervous system function.

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86
Q

Supportive Management

A

Care focused on maintaining patient stability.

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87
Q

Beta-Amyloid

A

Protein linked to Alzheimer’s disease pathology.

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88
Q

Acute Onset

A

Sudden appearance of symptoms or conditions.

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89
Q

Chronic Condition

A

Long-lasting health issue, often progressive.

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90
Q

Cognitive Disturbances

A

Impairments in memory, judgment, and thought.

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91
Q

Environmental Emergencies

A

Situations causing acute health crises due to environment.

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92
Q

Medication Toxicity

A

Harmful effects from excessive medication levels.

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93
Q

Transport to Hospital

A

Emergency transfer for advanced medical care.

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94
Q

Adult Protective Services

A

Agency ensuring safety for vulnerable adults.

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95
Q

Incoherent Speech

A

Disjointed or nonsensical verbal communication.

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96
Q

Fluctuating Course

A

Symptoms that vary in intensity and duration.

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97
Q

Aggression in Dementia

A

Behavioral response due to cognitive impairment.

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98
Q

Signs of Stroke

A

Altered mental status, speech issues, paralysis.

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99
Q

Chronic Anger

A

Emotional response not directed at caregivers.

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100
Q

Reversible Causes of Delirium

A

Conditions that can be treated to resolve delirium.

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101
Q

Caregiver Assistance

A

Support from trusted individuals during treatment.

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102
Q

Oxygenation Levels

A

Measurement of oxygen in the bloodstream.

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103
Q

Patient Positioning

A

Arranging patients for optimal comfort and safety.

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104
Q

Neurological Assessment

A

Evaluation of brain function and mental status.

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105
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Composed of the brain and spinal cord.

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106
Q

Traumatic Condition

A

Injury caused by external force, like a bullet.

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107
Q

Medical Condition

A

Health issue not caused by physical injury.

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108
Q

Acute Stroke

A

Sudden onset of neurological deficits; critical emergency.

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109
Q

American Heart Association

A

Organization focusing on cardiovascular health and education.

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110
Q

Stroke Chain of Survival

A

Steps to improve outcomes for stroke patients.

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111
Q

F.A.S.T. Mnemonic

A

Helps recognize stroke symptoms quickly.

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112
Q

Facial Droop

A

One side of the face droops or is numb.

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113
Q

Arm Weakness

A

Inability to raise or control one arm.

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114
Q

Speech Difficulty

A

Slurred speech or inability to speak coherently.

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115
Q

Time to Call

A

Immediate action required upon stroke symptoms.

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116
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A

Temporary stroke symptoms; warning sign for stroke.

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117
Q

Fibrinolytic Drugs

A

Medications to dissolve blood clots in strokes.

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118
Q

Endovascular Therapy

A

Invasive procedure to remove clots from brain.

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119
Q

rtPA

A

Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for stroke.

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120
Q

Time is Brain

A

Early treatment increases brain tissue survival.

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121
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

A

Former term for stroke; implies sudden brain injury.

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122
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup.

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123
Q

Oxygen and Glucose

A

Essential for brain cell function and survival.

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124
Q

Emergency Medical Services (EMS)

A

First responders providing urgent medical care.

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125
Q

Stroke Symptoms

A

Signs indicating a possible stroke event.

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126
Q

Severe Headache

A

Sudden, intense headache without known cause.

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127
Q

Blurred Vision

A

Sudden visual disturbances in one or both eyes.

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128
Q

Dizziness

A

Loss of balance or coordination; possible stroke sign.

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129
Q

Cognitive Problems

A

Difficulty in thinking or understanding; stroke indicator.

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130
Q

Numbness

A

Loss of sensation, often on one side.

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131
Q

Emergency Department

A

Hospital area for urgent medical treatment.

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132
Q

Brain Cells

A

Require oxygen and glucose for normal function.

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133
Q

ATP

A

Energy currency needed for brain cell function.

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134
Q

Cerebral Arteries

A

Deliver oxygen and glucose to brain cells.

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135
Q

Collateral Circulation

A

Blood supply from smaller arteries during blockage.

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136
Q

Ischemic Penumbra

A

Area of brain cells that are electrically silent.

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137
Q

Electrically Silent Cells

A

Cells unable to produce electrical impulses.

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138
Q

Perfusion

A

Delivery of blood to brain tissue.

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139
Q

Sodium/Potassium Pump

A

Maintains cell membrane potential using ATP.

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140
Q

Cell Membrane Rupture

A

Occurs when cells swell from sodium accumulation.

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141
Q

Necrotic Cells

A

Dead brain cells due to irreversible damage.

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142
Q

Infarct Zone

A

Area of dead tissue from complete blood flow loss.

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143
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

Stroke caused by artery blockage.

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144
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

Stroke caused by ruptured artery and bleeding.

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145
Q

Circle of Willis

A

Arterial ring supplying blood to the brain.

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146
Q

Stroke Care

A

Interventions to restore blood flow to brain.

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147
Q

Right Arm Weakness

A

Result of impaired brain cell function.

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148
Q

Cognitive Deficit

A

Loss of cognitive function due to brain damage.

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149
Q

Sensory Deficit

A

Loss of sensory function from brain injury.

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150
Q

Motor Deficit

A

Loss of motor function due to brain impairment.

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151
Q

Prolonged Ischemia

A

Extended lack of blood flow leading to cell death.

152
Q

Restoration of Function

A

Reversal of deficits with timely oxygen and glucose.

153
Q

Electrical Impulses

A

Signals sent by brain cells to muscles.

154
Q

Neurologic Assessment

A

Evaluation of brain function and deficits.

155
Q

Occlusion

A

Blockage of blood flow in cerebral arteries.

156
Q

Thrombus

A

Clot formed at the site of occlusion.

157
Q

Embolus

A

Clot traveling from another body area.

158
Q

Cerebral Embolism

A

Embolus lodging in a cerebral artery.

159
Q

Thrombotic Stroke

A

Stroke resulting from thrombus formation.

160
Q

Embolic Stroke

A

Stroke caused by an embolus occluding an artery.

161
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure increasing stroke risk.

162
Q

Intracerebral Hemorrhage

A

Bleeding occurring inside the brain.

163
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

Bleeding in the subarachnoid space.

164
Q

Aneurysm

A

Ballooning of a weakened artery wall.

165
Q

Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)

A

Tangled blood vessels diverting blood flow.

166
Q

Collateral Flow

A

Alternative blood supply forming around blockage.

167
Q

Ischemia

A

Insufficient blood supply leading to oxygen deprivation.

168
Q

Infarction

A

Tissue death due to prolonged ischemia.

169
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A

Irregular heart rhythm increasing embolism risk.

170
Q

Thrombosis

A

Process of clot formation within a vessel.

171
Q

Worst Headache

A

Common symptom of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

172
Q

Seizures

A

Common symptom in hemorrhagic stroke cases.

173
Q

Nausea and Vomiting

A

Symptoms associated with intracerebral hemorrhage.

174
Q

Decreased Level of Consciousness

A

Common sign in both stroke types.

175
Q

Stroke Onset

A

Sudden in hemorrhagic, slower in thrombotic strokes.

176
Q

Fibrinolytic Drug

A

Medication used to dissolve clots in ischemic strokes.

177
Q

Emergency Care

A

Immediate supportive treatment for stroke patients. Stroke

178
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A

Temporary stroke-like symptoms, often a precursor.

179
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Fat deposits in arteries, increasing stroke risk.

180
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure, major stroke risk factor.

181
Q

Signs and Symptoms

A

Indicators of stroke related to brain area affected.

182
Q

Paralysis

A

Loss of movement in one side of the body.

183
Q

Facial Droop

A

Uneven facial expression, common stroke sign.

184
Q

Monoplegia

A

Paralysis affecting one extremity.

185
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Paralysis affecting both extremities on one side.

186
Q

Anterior Circulation Stroke

A

Blockage in arteries supplying cerebrum and cortex.

187
Q

Posterior Circulation Stroke

A

Affects brainstem and cerebellum, less common.

188
Q

Cerebral Arteries

A

Blood vessels supplying different brain regions.

189
Q

Homunculus

A

Representation of motor and sensory brain areas.

190
Q

Aphasia

A

Communication disorder due to brain damage.

191
Q

Expressive Aphasia

A

Difficulty speaking despite understanding language.

192
Q

Receptive Aphasia

A

Difficulty understanding language, fluent but nonsensical.

193
Q

Global Aphasia

A

Severe impairment in understanding and speaking.

194
Q

Monocular Blindness

A

Total or partial vision loss in one eye.

195
Q

Conjugate Gaze

A

Both eyes move together toward affected side.

196
Q

Numbness

A

Loss of sensation, often accompanies paralysis.

197
Q

Language Disturbance

A

Impairment in communication due to brain injury.

198
Q

Motor Deficits

A

Weakness or clumsiness in body movement.

199
Q

Vision Disturbance

A

Abnormal visual perception, may indicate stroke.

200
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest brain region, controls higher functions.

201
Q

Cerebellum

A

Brain region responsible for coordination and balance.

202
Q

Brainstem

A

Controls basic life functions, affected in strokes.

203
Q

Ischemic Cells

A

Cells deprived of blood flow, leading to damage.

204
Q

Emergency Reporting

A

Accurate information collection for patient care.

205
Q

Stroke Risk Factors

A

Conditions increasing likelihood of stroke occurrence.

206
Q

Unilateral weakness

A

Weakness on one side of the body.

207
Q

Bilateral weakness

A

Weakness affecting both sides of the body.

208
Q

Contralateral weakness

A

Weakness on opposite side of affected face.

209
Q

Dysarthria

A

Slurred speech due to muscle weakness.

210
Q

Diplopia

A

Double vision experienced by the patient.

211
Q

Dysconjugate gaze

A

Eyes not aligned during movement.

212
Q

Nystagmus

A

Jerky eye movements observed in patients.

213
Q

Ataxia

A

Loss of coordination affecting movement.

214
Q

Vertigo

A

Spinning sensation experienced by the patient.

215
Q

Posterior circulation stroke

A

Stroke affecting the brain’s posterior circulation.

216
Q

Paraplegia

A

Paralysis of both legs.

217
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Paralysis of all four extremities.

218
Q

Cerebral artery blockage

A

Interruption of blood flow to the brain.

219
Q

Clot-busting agents

A

Substances that dissolve blood clots naturally.

220
Q

Neurologic deficits

A

Loss of function in nervous system.

221
Q

Emergency care

A

Immediate medical attention for stroke or TIA.

222
Q

Cryptogenic stroke

A

Stroke with no identifiable cause.

223
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

Irregular heartbeat often causing embolisms.

224
Q

Thrombophilia

A

Increased tendency to form blood clots.

225
Q

Endocarditis

A

Infection of heart lining potentially causing strokes.

226
Q

Cerebrovascular disease

A

Disease affecting blood vessels in the brain.

227
Q

Mental status

A

Patient’s level of consciousness and awareness.

228
Q

Stroke symptoms

A

Signs indicating a potential stroke occurrence.

229
Q

Medical evaluation

A

Assessment to determine cause of symptoms.

230
Q

Risk of stroke

A

Increased likelihood following a TIA.

231
Q

Emergency transport

A

Immediate transfer to medical facility for care.

232
Q

Patient reassurance

A

Providing comfort to patients during emergencies.

233
Q

Neurologic Deficit

A

Impairment in brain function affecting movement or speech.

234
Q

Altered Mental Status

A

Change in awareness or cognitive function of a patient.

235
Q

Sudden Weakness

A

Unexpected loss of strength in face, arm, or leg.

236
Q

Glucometer

A

Device measuring blood glucose levels for diabetes management.

237
Q

Nontraumatic Brain Injury

A

Brain injury not caused by external physical force.

238
Q

Lateral Recumbent Position

A

Patient lying on their side for airway management.

239
Q

Jaw-Thrust Maneuver

A

Technique to open airway without moving the spine.

240
Q

Oropharyngeal Airway

A

Device inserted to keep airway open in unconscious patients.

241
Q

Nasopharyngeal Airway

A

Tube inserted through the nose to maintain airway.

242
Q

Positive Pressure Ventilation

A

Assisted breathing using a device to deliver air.

243
Q

Oxygen Saturation

A

Percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen in blood.

244
Q

Stroke Symptoms

A

Signs indicating possible stroke, like weakness or confusion.

245
Q

Physical Exam

A

Systematic assessment of a patient’s physical condition.

246
Q

Head-to-Toe Assessment

A

Comprehensive examination from head to feet.

247
Q

Drooped Appearance

A

Asymmetrical facial movement often indicating stroke.

248
Q

Garbled Speech

A

Unclear or slurred speech indicating possible brain injury.

249
Q

Command Obedience

A

Patient’s ability to follow verbal instructions.

250
Q

Grip Strength

A

Measure of hand strength, indicating motor function.

251
Q

Arm Drift

A

Test for weakness by observing arm position with eyes closed.

252
Q

Brain Ischemia

A

Insufficient blood flow to the brain causing damage.

253
Q

Time is Brain

A

Slogan emphasizing urgency in stroke treatment.

254
Q

Stroke Care Facility

A

Specialized medical center for acute stroke treatment.

255
Q

Respiratory Distress

A

Difficulty breathing indicating potential medical emergency.

256
Q

Hypoxia

A

Deficiency of oxygen in the tissues.

257
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Low oxygen levels in the blood.

258
Q

Aspiration

A

Inhalation of foreign material into the lungs.

259
Q

Spinal Injury

A

Damage to the spinal cord affecting mobility and sensation.

260
Q

Neurologic Assessment

A

Evaluation of nervous system function and integrity.

261
Q

Emergency Department

A

Hospital unit for immediate medical care and treatment.

262
Q

Large Vessel Occlusion (LVO)

A

Stroke from blockage of a large cerebral artery.

263
Q

Mortality Rate

A

Percentage of deaths from a specific condition.

264
Q

Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (CPSS)

A

Screening tool assessing facial droop, arm drift, speech.

265
Q

Abnormal Speech

A

Slurred or incorrect words during speech assessment.

266
Q

Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen (LAPSS)

A

Screening tool considering other causes of symptoms.

267
Q

MEND Scale

A

Comprehensive assessment for various stroke types.

268
Q

AVPU

A

Method to assess patient’s level of consciousness.

269
Q

Cranial Nerves Assessment

A

Evaluates facial droop and visual fields.

270
Q

Motor Function

A

Assessment of limb movement and strength.

271
Q

Sensory Function

A

Ability to feel touch and pain in limbs.

272
Q

Endovascular Procedures

A

Minimally invasive treatments for stroke management.

273
Q

Rapid Arterial Occlusion Evaluation (RACE)

A

Screening tool for detecting arterial occlusions.

274
Q

Prehospital FAST VAN

A

Assessment tool for stroke symptoms in the field.

275
Q

Blood Glucose Level

A

Measurement crucial for stroke assessment.

276
Q

Symptom Duration

A

Time since onset of stroke symptoms.

277
Q

Wheelchair Bound

A

Patient unable to walk without assistance.

278
Q

Seizures History

A

Past occurrences of seizures affecting assessment.

279
Q

NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS)

A

Standardized scale for assessing stroke severity.

280
Q

Patient Activity

A

Actions taken by patient during assessment.

281
Q

Stroke Specific ED Report

A

Documentation for emergency department stroke cases.

282
Q

Management Protocols

A

Guidelines for treating stroke patients in the field.

283
Q

Symptom Onset

A

Time when patient first experienced stroke symptoms.

284
Q

Level of Consciousness

A

Assessment of patient’s awareness and responsiveness.

285
Q

Coordination Assessment

A

Evaluates ability to perform coordinated movements.

286
Q

Primary Stroke Center

A

Facility providing specialized stroke care.

287
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Nerves that control various functions including facial movements.

288
Q

Facial droop

A

Abnormality where one side of the face does not move as well as the other.

289
Q

Show teeth or smile

A

A test for facial droop where the patient is asked to smile or show their teeth.

290
Q

Motor arm drift

A

A test where the patient closes their eyes and holds out both arms; abnormal if an arm can’t move or drifts down.

291
Q

Leg drift

A

A test where the patient opens their eyes and lifts each leg separately; abnormal if a leg cannot be lifted.

292
Q

Sensory arm and leg test

A

A test where the patient closes their eyes and is touched or pinched on the arm and leg.

293
Q

Coordination test

A

A test involving finger to nose and heel to shin movements.

294
Q

CPSS

A

Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale, a tool for assessing stroke symptoms.

295
Q

LAPSS

A

Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen, another tool for assessing stroke symptoms.

296
Q

MEND

A

Mild Emergency Neurological Deficit, a reliable stroke assessment tool based on CPSS and NIHSS.

297
Q

Probability of stroke

A

If any one sign of facial droop, arm drift, or abnormal speech is present, the probability of stroke is increased.

298
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood sugar that can produce signs and symptoms similar to those of a stroke.

299
Q

Seizure

A

A condition that may present with neurologic deficits, including paralysis, lasting several hours post-event.

300
Q

RACE Scale

A

Rapid Arterial Occlusion Evaluation scale, used to assess the severity of neurologic dysfunction in stroke patients.

301
Q

NIHSS

A

National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, the gold standard in assessing stroke patients.

302
Q

Facial Palsy

A

Assessment of facial droop by asking the patient to show their teeth or smile.

303
Q

Arm Motor Function

A

Assessment of whether the patient can extend and hold their arms up without drifting downward.

304
Q

Leg Motor Function

A

Assessment of whether the patient can lift and hold each leg up without drifting downward.

305
Q

Head and Gaze Deviation

A

Observation for deviation of the eyes and head to one side.

306
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to recognize familiar objects, assessed by asking the patient about their affected limb.

307
Q

Scoring system

A

Each item in the RACE scale is scored from 0 (normal) to 2 (most severe deficit).

308
Q

Sensitivity of RACE scale

A

A study showed a high degree of sensitivity in predicting large vessel occlusion with a RACE score of or greater.

309
Q

Evaluation frequency

A

Vital signs should be repeated every 15 minutes.

310
Q

Stroke recognition

A

The MEND screening tool resulted in greater recognition of anterior and posterior strokes compared to CPSS.

311
Q

Endovascular procedure

A

A treatment that may be required for patients identified with a large vessel occlusion.

312
Q

Stroke Alert

A

Any score above 4 indicates high stroke risk.

313
Q

FAST VAN

A

Prehospital stroke assessment combining FAST and VAN.

314
Q

VAN Assessment

A

Evaluates visual, aphasia, and neglect symptoms.

315
Q

Visual Disturbance

A

Double vision or field defects; stroke indicator.

316
Q

Neglect

A

Inability to track objects; indicates brain damage.

317
Q

Sensitivity

A

Ability to correctly identify true positives.

318
Q

Specificity

A

Ability to correctly identify true negatives.

319
Q

Thrombolytic Drugs

A

Medications used to dissolve blood clots in strokes.

320
Q

Acute Stroke Ready Hospitals

A

Facilities that stabilize and begin thrombolytic therapy.

321
Q

Primary Stroke Centers

A

Hospitals with advanced imaging and stroke beds.

322
Q

Thrombectomy Capable Centers

A

Facilities that perform mechanical clot removal.

323
Q

Comprehensive Stroke Centers

A

Offer full spectrum of advanced stroke treatments.

324
Q

Mobile Stroke Unit (MSU)

A

Specialized ambulance for on-site stroke diagnosis.

325
Q

Signs of Stroke

A

Common symptoms include facial droop and weakness.

326
Q

Neurological Symptoms

A

Signs indicating possible brain injury or stroke.

327
Q

Emergency Transport

A

Rapid transfer to stroke center for treatment.

328
Q

Patient Protocol

A

Guidelines for managing stroke patients in EMS.

329
Q

CT Scanner

A

Imaging tool used in mobile stroke units.

330
Q

Telehealth Capability

A

Remote consultation feature in mobile stroke units.

331
Q

Altered mental status

A

Changes in awareness, confusion, or unresponsiveness.

332
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Weakness on one side of the body.

333
Q

Thunderclap headache

A

Sudden severe headache, often indicative of stroke.

334
Q

Free radicals

A

Damaging molecules released during reperfusion.

335
Q

Reperfusion

A

Restoration of blood flow to ischemic brain tissue.

336
Q

Oxygen therapy

A

Administering oxygen to improve blood oxygen levels.

337
Q

Spinal stabilization

A

Preventing movement of the spine in injury cases.

338
Q

Patient positioning

A

Placing patient to protect airway and prevent aspiration.

339
Q

Suctioning

A

Removing secretions or vomitus from airway.

340
Q

Positive pressure ventilation

A

Assisting breathing when inadequate or ineffective.

341
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficulty or discomfort in breathing.

342
Q

Blood glucose level

A

Measurement to rule out hypoglycemia in stroke.

343
Q

Rapid transport

A

Quickly moving patient to appropriate medical facility.

344
Q

Vital signs reassessment

A

Regular monitoring of patient’s physiological status.

345
Q

Unequal pupils

A

Asymmetry in pupil size, indicating potential brain injury.

346
Q

Seizure activity

A

Uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain.

347
Q

Nausea and vomiting

A

Common symptoms associated with brain injury or stroke.

348
Q

Light sensitivity

A

Discomfort in bright light, often linked to neurological issues.

349
Q

Sound sensitivity

A

Discomfort or pain in response to sounds.

350
Q

Ignoring one side of the body

A

Neglect of one side, often due to brain injury.

351
Q

Late symptoms

A

Signs that appear as stroke progresses, like stiff neck.

352
Q

Emergency care procedures

A

Steps taken to stabilize a stroke patient.

353
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

Medical term for stroke, indicating brain blood flow disruption.

354
Q

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

Temporary stroke-like symptoms, often a warning sign.

355
Q

Neurological deficits

A

Loss of normal brain function, indicating possible stroke.

356
Q

Large vessel occlusion (LVO)

A

Blockage in a major brain artery, critical for treatment.

357
Q

Glasgow Coma Score (GCS)

A

Scale to assess consciousness level in patients.

358
Q

Validated prehospital stroke scale

A

Assessment tool for identifying stroke symptoms.

359
Q

Last known well

A

Time when the patient was last normal.

360
Q

Thrombolytic agents

A

Medications to dissolve blood clots in strokes.

361
Q

Mechanical thrombectomy

A

Procedure to remove blood clots from arteries.

362
Q

Vascular headaches

A

Headaches caused by blood vessel dilation or inflammation.

363
Q

Migraine headaches

A

Severe headaches with throbbing pain and nausea.

364
Q

Cluster headaches

A

Intense headaches occurring in cyclical patterns.

365
Q

Tension headaches

A

Common headaches from muscle contraction, causing tightness.

366
Q

Organic headaches

A

Headaches indicating underlying conditions like tumors.

367
Q

Sepsis

A

Body’s extreme response to infection, can cause confusion.

368
Q

Assessment for headache

A

Evaluating symptoms and history for headache causes.

369
Q

Emergency care for headache

A

Steps to stabilize and treat headache patients.

370
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning

A

Toxic exposure causing headaches and altered mental status.

371
Q

Position of comfort

A

Patient positioning to alleviate headache discomfort.

372
Q

Oxygen saturation target

A

Maintain oxygen levels above 94% for safety.

373
Q

Suction readiness

A

Preparedness for potential vomiting in headache patients.

374
Q

Patient safety considerations

A

Measures to prevent harm during stroke assessment.

375
Q

Emergency Medical Services (EMS)

A

Pre-hospital care providers for medical emergencies.

376
Q

Headache assessment clues

A

Indicators during evaluation for serious headache causes.

377
Q

Seizure treatment guideline

A

Protocol for managing seizure activity in patients.