Chapter 18 Flashcards
Altered Mental Status
Altered Mental Status
Significant change in consciousness or awareness.
Reticular Activating System
Network of nerve cells regulating wakefulness.
Cerebral Hemisphere
One of two halves of the brain.
Coma
Unresponsive state with no reaction to stimuli.
Structural Causes
Altered mental status from brain lesions or damage.
Toxic-Metabolic Causes
Altered mental status from toxins or metabolic issues.
Brain Tumor
Abnormal growth affecting brain function.
Hemorrhage
Bleeding in or around the brain.
Degenerative Disease
Progressive loss of brain function over time.
Severe Hypoxia
Critical lack of oxygen to the brain.
Abnormal Blood Glucose
High or low blood sugar affecting consciousness.
Liver Failure
Inability of the liver to function properly.
Kidney Failure
Inadequate kidney function affecting body balance.
Poisoning
Toxic substances causing altered mental status.
Shock
Critical condition from inadequate blood flow.
CNS Depressants
Drugs that reduce brain activity, e.g., narcotics.
Post Seizure
Altered state following a seizure episode.
Cardiac Rhythm Disturbance
Irregular heartbeat affecting blood flow to brain.
Stroke
Interruption of blood supply to the brain.
Scene Size-Up
Initial assessment to identify potential causes.
Mechanism of Injury
Circumstances leading to physical harm.
Airway Management
Ensuring patient can breathe adequately.
Positive Pressure Ventilation
Assisted breathing for patients with inadequate ventilation.
Tidal Volume
Amount of air moved in one breath.
Secondary Assessment
Detailed evaluation after initial stabilization.
Patient History
Information about patient’s past medical conditions.
Vital Signs
Measurements of essential body functions.
Emergency Medical Responder
Individual trained to provide emergency care.
Oxygen Therapy
Administration of oxygen to improve oxygenation.
Physical Exam
Comprehensive assessment of a patient’s condition.
Pupils
Indicators of head injury or drug effects.
Cyanosis
Bluish discoloration indicating hypoxia.
Hypoxia
Insufficient oxygen supply to tissues.
Breath Sounds
Indicators of respiratory or cardiac conditions.
Pneumothorax
Air in the pleural space causing lung collapse.
Peripheral Edema
Swelling indicating congestive heart failure.
Sacral Edema
Swelling indicating congestive heart failure.
Narcotics
Drugs causing pinpoint pupils and altered consciousness.
Blood Pressure
Pressure of blood in arteries; vital sign.
Pulse Oximeter
Device measuring oxygen saturation in blood.
Glucometer
Device for measuring blood glucose levels.
AEIOU-TIPPSS
Mnemonic for causes of altered mental status.
Emergency Medical Care
Immediate treatment based on assessment findings.
Spine Motion Restriction
Precaution to prevent spinal injury during transport.
Patent Airway
Open airway essential for effective ventilation.
Suctioning
Clearing airway of secretions or obstructions.
Supplemental Oxygen
Additional oxygen provided to maintain saturation.
Lateral Recumbent Position
Recovery position to prevent aspiration.
Reassessment
Continuous monitoring of patient’s condition.
Pediatric Considerations
Special assessment needs for children.
Appearance
Visual assessment of a patient’s condition.
Work of Breathing
Effort required for effective respiration.
Circulation to Skin
Blood flow assessment via skin condition.
Decorticate Posturing
Flexed arms, extended legs; indicates severe brain injury.
Decerebrate Posturing
Extended arms and legs; indicates brain dysfunction.
Battle’s Sign
Bruising behind the ears; sign of head trauma.
Raccoon Eyes
Bruising around the eyes; indicator of trauma.
AVPU
A scale assessing alertness: Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive.
Glasgow Coma Scale
Standard scale for assessing consciousness levels.
Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale (PGCS)
Modified GCS for evaluating children’s mental status.
Lethargic
State of sluggishness or drowsiness in children.
Inconsolable
Child cannot be comforted or calmed.
Agitated
State of restlessness or extreme emotional disturbance.
Open Airway
Clear passage for breathing; essential in emergencies.
Suction
Removal of secretions to maintain airway patency.
BRUE
Brief Resolved Unexplained Event in infants.
Transient Symptoms
Temporary symptoms affecting infants during BRUE.
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar levels requiring immediate attention.
Cognitive Impairment
Decline in thinking, memory, and judgment abilities.
Six-Item Screener
Tool for identifying cognitive impairment in patients.
Delirium
Acute confusion often reversible with treatment.
Dementia
Chronic decline in cognitive function, often progressive.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Common form of dementia characterized by memory loss.
Transport Protocol
Guidelines for moving patients to medical facilities.
Blood Glucose Level
Measurement of sugar levels in the blood.
Sepsis
Severe infection leading to systemic inflammatory response.
Respiratory Infection
Infection affecting the airways and lungs.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Chronic digestive condition affecting the esophagus.
Acute Coronary Syndromes
Group of conditions associated with sudden heart issues.
Hyperthermia
Abnormally high body temperature due to failed thermoregulation.
Hypothermia
Abnormally low body temperature, often life-threatening.
Neurogenic Disorders
Replaced term for dementia in DSM-5.
Morbidity
Incidence of disease or health complications.
Mortality
Incidence of death within a population.
Neurologic Deficit
Deficiency in brain or nervous system function.
Supportive Management
Care focused on maintaining patient stability.
Beta-Amyloid
Protein linked to Alzheimer’s disease pathology.
Acute Onset
Sudden appearance of symptoms or conditions.
Chronic Condition
Long-lasting health issue, often progressive.
Cognitive Disturbances
Impairments in memory, judgment, and thought.
Environmental Emergencies
Situations causing acute health crises due to environment.
Medication Toxicity
Harmful effects from excessive medication levels.
Transport to Hospital
Emergency transfer for advanced medical care.
Adult Protective Services
Agency ensuring safety for vulnerable adults.
Incoherent Speech
Disjointed or nonsensical verbal communication.
Fluctuating Course
Symptoms that vary in intensity and duration.
Aggression in Dementia
Behavioral response due to cognitive impairment.
Signs of Stroke
Altered mental status, speech issues, paralysis.
Chronic Anger
Emotional response not directed at caregivers.
Reversible Causes of Delirium
Conditions that can be treated to resolve delirium.
Caregiver Assistance
Support from trusted individuals during treatment.
Oxygenation Levels
Measurement of oxygen in the bloodstream.
Patient Positioning
Arranging patients for optimal comfort and safety.
Neurological Assessment
Evaluation of brain function and mental status.
Central Nervous System
Composed of the brain and spinal cord.
Traumatic Condition
Injury caused by external force, like a bullet.
Medical Condition
Health issue not caused by physical injury.
Acute Stroke
Sudden onset of neurological deficits; critical emergency.
American Heart Association
Organization focusing on cardiovascular health and education.
Stroke Chain of Survival
Steps to improve outcomes for stroke patients.
F.A.S.T. Mnemonic
Helps recognize stroke symptoms quickly.
Facial Droop
One side of the face droops or is numb.
Arm Weakness
Inability to raise or control one arm.
Speech Difficulty
Slurred speech or inability to speak coherently.
Time to Call
Immediate action required upon stroke symptoms.
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Temporary stroke symptoms; warning sign for stroke.
Fibrinolytic Drugs
Medications to dissolve blood clots in strokes.
Endovascular Therapy
Invasive procedure to remove clots from brain.
rtPA
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for stroke.
Time is Brain
Early treatment increases brain tissue survival.
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Former term for stroke; implies sudden brain injury.
Atherosclerosis
Narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup.
Oxygen and Glucose
Essential for brain cell function and survival.
Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
First responders providing urgent medical care.
Stroke Symptoms
Signs indicating a possible stroke event.
Severe Headache
Sudden, intense headache without known cause.
Blurred Vision
Sudden visual disturbances in one or both eyes.
Dizziness
Loss of balance or coordination; possible stroke sign.
Cognitive Problems
Difficulty in thinking or understanding; stroke indicator.
Numbness
Loss of sensation, often on one side.
Emergency Department
Hospital area for urgent medical treatment.
Brain Cells
Require oxygen and glucose for normal function.
ATP
Energy currency needed for brain cell function.
Cerebral Arteries
Deliver oxygen and glucose to brain cells.
Collateral Circulation
Blood supply from smaller arteries during blockage.
Ischemic Penumbra
Area of brain cells that are electrically silent.
Electrically Silent Cells
Cells unable to produce electrical impulses.
Perfusion
Delivery of blood to brain tissue.
Sodium/Potassium Pump
Maintains cell membrane potential using ATP.
Cell Membrane Rupture
Occurs when cells swell from sodium accumulation.
Necrotic Cells
Dead brain cells due to irreversible damage.
Infarct Zone
Area of dead tissue from complete blood flow loss.
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke caused by artery blockage.
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Stroke caused by ruptured artery and bleeding.
Circle of Willis
Arterial ring supplying blood to the brain.
Stroke Care
Interventions to restore blood flow to brain.
Right Arm Weakness
Result of impaired brain cell function.
Cognitive Deficit
Loss of cognitive function due to brain damage.
Sensory Deficit
Loss of sensory function from brain injury.
Motor Deficit
Loss of motor function due to brain impairment.
Prolonged Ischemia
Extended lack of blood flow leading to cell death.
Restoration of Function
Reversal of deficits with timely oxygen and glucose.
Electrical Impulses
Signals sent by brain cells to muscles.
Neurologic Assessment
Evaluation of brain function and deficits.
Occlusion
Blockage of blood flow in cerebral arteries.
Thrombus
Clot formed at the site of occlusion.
Embolus
Clot traveling from another body area.
Cerebral Embolism
Embolus lodging in a cerebral artery.
Thrombotic Stroke
Stroke resulting from thrombus formation.
Embolic Stroke
Stroke caused by an embolus occluding an artery.
Hypertension
High blood pressure increasing stroke risk.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding occurring inside the brain.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding in the subarachnoid space.
Aneurysm
Ballooning of a weakened artery wall.
Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
Tangled blood vessels diverting blood flow.
Collateral Flow
Alternative blood supply forming around blockage.
Ischemia
Insufficient blood supply leading to oxygen deprivation.
Infarction
Tissue death due to prolonged ischemia.
Atrial Fibrillation
Irregular heart rhythm increasing embolism risk.
Thrombosis
Process of clot formation within a vessel.
Worst Headache
Common symptom of subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Seizures
Common symptom in hemorrhagic stroke cases.
Nausea and Vomiting
Symptoms associated with intracerebral hemorrhage.
Decreased Level of Consciousness
Common sign in both stroke types.
Stroke Onset
Sudden in hemorrhagic, slower in thrombotic strokes.
Fibrinolytic Drug
Medication used to dissolve clots in ischemic strokes.
Emergency Care
Immediate supportive treatment for stroke patients. Stroke
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Temporary stroke-like symptoms, often a precursor.
Atherosclerosis
Fat deposits in arteries, increasing stroke risk.
Hypertension
High blood pressure, major stroke risk factor.
Signs and Symptoms
Indicators of stroke related to brain area affected.
Paralysis
Loss of movement in one side of the body.
Facial Droop
Uneven facial expression, common stroke sign.
Monoplegia
Paralysis affecting one extremity.
Hemiplegia
Paralysis affecting both extremities on one side.
Anterior Circulation Stroke
Blockage in arteries supplying cerebrum and cortex.
Posterior Circulation Stroke
Affects brainstem and cerebellum, less common.
Cerebral Arteries
Blood vessels supplying different brain regions.
Homunculus
Representation of motor and sensory brain areas.
Aphasia
Communication disorder due to brain damage.
Expressive Aphasia
Difficulty speaking despite understanding language.
Receptive Aphasia
Difficulty understanding language, fluent but nonsensical.
Global Aphasia
Severe impairment in understanding and speaking.
Monocular Blindness
Total or partial vision loss in one eye.
Conjugate Gaze
Both eyes move together toward affected side.
Numbness
Loss of sensation, often accompanies paralysis.
Language Disturbance
Impairment in communication due to brain injury.
Motor Deficits
Weakness or clumsiness in body movement.
Vision Disturbance
Abnormal visual perception, may indicate stroke.
Cerebrum
Largest brain region, controls higher functions.
Cerebellum
Brain region responsible for coordination and balance.
Brainstem
Controls basic life functions, affected in strokes.
Ischemic Cells
Cells deprived of blood flow, leading to damage.
Emergency Reporting
Accurate information collection for patient care.
Stroke Risk Factors
Conditions increasing likelihood of stroke occurrence.
Unilateral weakness
Weakness on one side of the body.
Bilateral weakness
Weakness affecting both sides of the body.
Contralateral weakness
Weakness on opposite side of affected face.
Dysarthria
Slurred speech due to muscle weakness.
Diplopia
Double vision experienced by the patient.
Dysconjugate gaze
Eyes not aligned during movement.
Nystagmus
Jerky eye movements observed in patients.
Ataxia
Loss of coordination affecting movement.
Vertigo
Spinning sensation experienced by the patient.
Posterior circulation stroke
Stroke affecting the brain’s posterior circulation.
Paraplegia
Paralysis of both legs.
Quadriplegia
Paralysis of all four extremities.
Cerebral artery blockage
Interruption of blood flow to the brain.
Clot-busting agents
Substances that dissolve blood clots naturally.
Neurologic deficits
Loss of function in nervous system.
Emergency care
Immediate medical attention for stroke or TIA.
Cryptogenic stroke
Stroke with no identifiable cause.
Atrial fibrillation
Irregular heartbeat often causing embolisms.
Thrombophilia
Increased tendency to form blood clots.
Endocarditis
Infection of heart lining potentially causing strokes.
Cerebrovascular disease
Disease affecting blood vessels in the brain.
Mental status
Patient’s level of consciousness and awareness.
Stroke symptoms
Signs indicating a potential stroke occurrence.
Medical evaluation
Assessment to determine cause of symptoms.
Risk of stroke
Increased likelihood following a TIA.
Emergency transport
Immediate transfer to medical facility for care.
Patient reassurance
Providing comfort to patients during emergencies.
Neurologic Deficit
Impairment in brain function affecting movement or speech.
Altered Mental Status
Change in awareness or cognitive function of a patient.
Sudden Weakness
Unexpected loss of strength in face, arm, or leg.
Glucometer
Device measuring blood glucose levels for diabetes management.
Nontraumatic Brain Injury
Brain injury not caused by external physical force.
Lateral Recumbent Position
Patient lying on their side for airway management.
Jaw-Thrust Maneuver
Technique to open airway without moving the spine.
Oropharyngeal Airway
Device inserted to keep airway open in unconscious patients.
Nasopharyngeal Airway
Tube inserted through the nose to maintain airway.
Positive Pressure Ventilation
Assisted breathing using a device to deliver air.
Oxygen Saturation
Percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen in blood.
Stroke Symptoms
Signs indicating possible stroke, like weakness or confusion.
Physical Exam
Systematic assessment of a patient’s physical condition.
Head-to-Toe Assessment
Comprehensive examination from head to feet.
Drooped Appearance
Asymmetrical facial movement often indicating stroke.
Garbled Speech
Unclear or slurred speech indicating possible brain injury.
Command Obedience
Patient’s ability to follow verbal instructions.
Grip Strength
Measure of hand strength, indicating motor function.
Arm Drift
Test for weakness by observing arm position with eyes closed.
Brain Ischemia
Insufficient blood flow to the brain causing damage.
Time is Brain
Slogan emphasizing urgency in stroke treatment.
Stroke Care Facility
Specialized medical center for acute stroke treatment.
Respiratory Distress
Difficulty breathing indicating potential medical emergency.
Hypoxia
Deficiency of oxygen in the tissues.
Hypoxemia
Low oxygen levels in the blood.
Aspiration
Inhalation of foreign material into the lungs.
Spinal Injury
Damage to the spinal cord affecting mobility and sensation.
Neurologic Assessment
Evaluation of nervous system function and integrity.
Emergency Department
Hospital unit for immediate medical care and treatment.
Large Vessel Occlusion (LVO)
Stroke from blockage of a large cerebral artery.
Mortality Rate
Percentage of deaths from a specific condition.
Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (CPSS)
Screening tool assessing facial droop, arm drift, speech.
Abnormal Speech
Slurred or incorrect words during speech assessment.
Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen (LAPSS)
Screening tool considering other causes of symptoms.
MEND Scale
Comprehensive assessment for various stroke types.
AVPU
Method to assess patient’s level of consciousness.
Cranial Nerves Assessment
Evaluates facial droop and visual fields.
Motor Function
Assessment of limb movement and strength.
Sensory Function
Ability to feel touch and pain in limbs.
Endovascular Procedures
Minimally invasive treatments for stroke management.
Rapid Arterial Occlusion Evaluation (RACE)
Screening tool for detecting arterial occlusions.
Prehospital FAST VAN
Assessment tool for stroke symptoms in the field.
Blood Glucose Level
Measurement crucial for stroke assessment.
Symptom Duration
Time since onset of stroke symptoms.
Wheelchair Bound
Patient unable to walk without assistance.
Seizures History
Past occurrences of seizures affecting assessment.
NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS)
Standardized scale for assessing stroke severity.
Patient Activity
Actions taken by patient during assessment.
Stroke Specific ED Report
Documentation for emergency department stroke cases.
Management Protocols
Guidelines for treating stroke patients in the field.
Symptom Onset
Time when patient first experienced stroke symptoms.
Level of Consciousness
Assessment of patient’s awareness and responsiveness.
Coordination Assessment
Evaluates ability to perform coordinated movements.
Primary Stroke Center
Facility providing specialized stroke care.
Cranial nerves
Nerves that control various functions including facial movements.
Facial droop
Abnormality where one side of the face does not move as well as the other.
Show teeth or smile
A test for facial droop where the patient is asked to smile or show their teeth.
Motor arm drift
A test where the patient closes their eyes and holds out both arms; abnormal if an arm can’t move or drifts down.
Leg drift
A test where the patient opens their eyes and lifts each leg separately; abnormal if a leg cannot be lifted.
Sensory arm and leg test
A test where the patient closes their eyes and is touched or pinched on the arm and leg.
Coordination test
A test involving finger to nose and heel to shin movements.
CPSS
Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale, a tool for assessing stroke symptoms.
LAPSS
Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen, another tool for assessing stroke symptoms.
MEND
Mild Emergency Neurological Deficit, a reliable stroke assessment tool based on CPSS and NIHSS.
Probability of stroke
If any one sign of facial droop, arm drift, or abnormal speech is present, the probability of stroke is increased.
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar that can produce signs and symptoms similar to those of a stroke.
Seizure
A condition that may present with neurologic deficits, including paralysis, lasting several hours post-event.
RACE Scale
Rapid Arterial Occlusion Evaluation scale, used to assess the severity of neurologic dysfunction in stroke patients.
NIHSS
National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, the gold standard in assessing stroke patients.
Facial Palsy
Assessment of facial droop by asking the patient to show their teeth or smile.
Arm Motor Function
Assessment of whether the patient can extend and hold their arms up without drifting downward.
Leg Motor Function
Assessment of whether the patient can lift and hold each leg up without drifting downward.
Head and Gaze Deviation
Observation for deviation of the eyes and head to one side.
Agnosia
Inability to recognize familiar objects, assessed by asking the patient about their affected limb.
Scoring system
Each item in the RACE scale is scored from 0 (normal) to 2 (most severe deficit).
Sensitivity of RACE scale
A study showed a high degree of sensitivity in predicting large vessel occlusion with a RACE score of or greater.
Evaluation frequency
Vital signs should be repeated every 15 minutes.
Stroke recognition
The MEND screening tool resulted in greater recognition of anterior and posterior strokes compared to CPSS.
Endovascular procedure
A treatment that may be required for patients identified with a large vessel occlusion.
Stroke Alert
Any score above 4 indicates high stroke risk.
FAST VAN
Prehospital stroke assessment combining FAST and VAN.
VAN Assessment
Evaluates visual, aphasia, and neglect symptoms.
Visual Disturbance
Double vision or field defects; stroke indicator.
Neglect
Inability to track objects; indicates brain damage.
Sensitivity
Ability to correctly identify true positives.
Specificity
Ability to correctly identify true negatives.
Thrombolytic Drugs
Medications used to dissolve blood clots in strokes.
Acute Stroke Ready Hospitals
Facilities that stabilize and begin thrombolytic therapy.
Primary Stroke Centers
Hospitals with advanced imaging and stroke beds.
Thrombectomy Capable Centers
Facilities that perform mechanical clot removal.
Comprehensive Stroke Centers
Offer full spectrum of advanced stroke treatments.
Mobile Stroke Unit (MSU)
Specialized ambulance for on-site stroke diagnosis.
Signs of Stroke
Common symptoms include facial droop and weakness.
Neurological Symptoms
Signs indicating possible brain injury or stroke.
Emergency Transport
Rapid transfer to stroke center for treatment.
Patient Protocol
Guidelines for managing stroke patients in EMS.
CT Scanner
Imaging tool used in mobile stroke units.
Telehealth Capability
Remote consultation feature in mobile stroke units.
Altered mental status
Changes in awareness, confusion, or unresponsiveness.
Hemiparesis
Weakness on one side of the body.
Thunderclap headache
Sudden severe headache, often indicative of stroke.
Free radicals
Damaging molecules released during reperfusion.
Reperfusion
Restoration of blood flow to ischemic brain tissue.
Oxygen therapy
Administering oxygen to improve blood oxygen levels.
Spinal stabilization
Preventing movement of the spine in injury cases.
Patient positioning
Placing patient to protect airway and prevent aspiration.
Suctioning
Removing secretions or vomitus from airway.
Positive pressure ventilation
Assisting breathing when inadequate or ineffective.
Dyspnea
Difficulty or discomfort in breathing.
Blood glucose level
Measurement to rule out hypoglycemia in stroke.
Rapid transport
Quickly moving patient to appropriate medical facility.
Vital signs reassessment
Regular monitoring of patient’s physiological status.
Unequal pupils
Asymmetry in pupil size, indicating potential brain injury.
Seizure activity
Uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain.
Nausea and vomiting
Common symptoms associated with brain injury or stroke.
Light sensitivity
Discomfort in bright light, often linked to neurological issues.
Sound sensitivity
Discomfort or pain in response to sounds.
Ignoring one side of the body
Neglect of one side, often due to brain injury.
Late symptoms
Signs that appear as stroke progresses, like stiff neck.
Emergency care procedures
Steps taken to stabilize a stroke patient.
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Medical term for stroke, indicating brain blood flow disruption.
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Temporary stroke-like symptoms, often a warning sign.
Neurological deficits
Loss of normal brain function, indicating possible stroke.
Large vessel occlusion (LVO)
Blockage in a major brain artery, critical for treatment.
Glasgow Coma Score (GCS)
Scale to assess consciousness level in patients.
Validated prehospital stroke scale
Assessment tool for identifying stroke symptoms.
Last known well
Time when the patient was last normal.
Thrombolytic agents
Medications to dissolve blood clots in strokes.
Mechanical thrombectomy
Procedure to remove blood clots from arteries.
Vascular headaches
Headaches caused by blood vessel dilation or inflammation.
Migraine headaches
Severe headaches with throbbing pain and nausea.
Cluster headaches
Intense headaches occurring in cyclical patterns.
Tension headaches
Common headaches from muscle contraction, causing tightness.
Organic headaches
Headaches indicating underlying conditions like tumors.
Sepsis
Body’s extreme response to infection, can cause confusion.
Assessment for headache
Evaluating symptoms and history for headache causes.
Emergency care for headache
Steps to stabilize and treat headache patients.
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Toxic exposure causing headaches and altered mental status.
Position of comfort
Patient positioning to alleviate headache discomfort.
Oxygen saturation target
Maintain oxygen levels above 94% for safety.
Suction readiness
Preparedness for potential vomiting in headache patients.
Patient safety considerations
Measures to prevent harm during stroke assessment.
Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
Pre-hospital care providers for medical emergencies.
Headache assessment clues
Indicators during evaluation for serious headache causes.
Seizure treatment guideline
Protocol for managing seizure activity in patients.
