Chapter 2.2.3 (Exam 1) Other Bonds Flashcards
Atmos Bond to Form Molecules
How do ionic bonds form?
When one atom is much more electronegative than the other, a complete transfer of electrons may occur
This results in two ions with full outer shells and opposing charges
Their opposing charges attract the two ions together
What are ions?
Electrically charged particles formed when atoms lose or gain one or more electrons
What are cations? Anions?
Cations are positively charged ions
Anions are negatively charged ions
What are complex ions?
Groups of covalently bonded atoms that carry a charge (e.g., NH4+ and SO42–)
What are salts? Why do they dissolve in water?
Salts are ionically bonded compounds
In solids, ionic bonds are strong because ions are close together, whereas in water they become separated and weak
Ions can interact with polar molecules, like water, which surrounds the ions due to its positive and negative poles
What is a hydrogen bond?
Attraction between the δ– end of one molecule and the δ+ hydrogen end of another molecule
These bonds are weaker than ionic and covalent bonds
Describe hydrophilic molecules.
They are often polar molecules that can form hydrogen bonds due to the presence of an extremely electronegative element such as O, N, or F
Describe hydrophobic molecules.
They are often non-polar molecules such as hydrocarbons (carbon isn’t very electronegative)
Describe van der Waals forces.
Attractions between polar or nonpolar molecules that are close together
Individual interactions are brief and weak, but can be substantial when summed over a large molecule
Why are van der Waals forces important?
They are important when hydrophobic regions of molecules, such as an enzyme and a substrate, come together
