Chapter 21 Flashcards
What is the exact chemical makeup?
chemical name
What is the legal and scientific name?
generic name
What is the trademark of durg manufacturer?
brand name
Unabbreviate FDA
Food and Drug Administration
Unabbreviate USP
United States Pharmacopeia
Unabbreviate PDR
Physicians’ Desk Reference
What is another type of drug standard and reference without an abbreviation?
Hospital Formulary
What are the different types of drug administration
- oral
- sublingual
- rectal
- parenternal
- inhalation
- topical
What are the different types of parenteral drug administration?
- intracavitary injection
- intradermal injection
- intramuscular injection (IM)
- intrathecal injection
- intravenous injection
- subcutaneous injection (SC)
What is the receptor?
target of drug
What are the different types of action and interaction of drugs in the body?
What are the two additional actions of drugs?
- combination of two drugs
- additive action
- antagonistic
- synergistic
- tolerance
- addiction
What is pertaining to under the tongue?
sublingual
What are the types of drug toxicities?
- unwanted and dangerous effects
- idiosyncrasy (unexpected and uncommon anaphylaxis)
- latrogenic (produced by treatment)
- side effects
- contraindications (dangerous and ill-advised use)
- resistance (lack of beneficial responces)
What are the types of cardiovascular drugs?
- angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
- Angiotensin II receptor anagonists
- antiarrhythmics
- beta-blockers
- calcium antagonistic/calcium channel blockers
- cholesteral-lowering drugs
- diuretics
What are the types of endocrine drugs?
- androgens
- antiandrogens
- estrogens
- antiestrogen
- selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
- progestins
- thyroid hormone
- glucocorticoids
What are the types of gastrointestinal drugs?
- antacids
- antiulcer (histamine receptor blockers)
- antidiarrheal
- cathartics (laxatives/purgatives)
- antinauseants (antiemetics)
What is the abbreviation for discontinue
D.C., d.c., d/c
What is the abbreviation for over the counter?
OTC
What is the abbreviation for millequivalent?
mEq
What is the abbreviation for milk of magnesia
M.O.M.
What is the abbreviation for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory durg
NSAID
What is the abbreviation for ointment
ung
What is the abbreviation for ampule
amp
What is the abbreviation for syrup
syr
What is the abbreviation for tincture
tinct
What is the abbreviation for spansules
spans
What is the abbreviation for spirits
spt
What is the abbreviation for elixir
elix
What is the abbreviation for compound
comp
What is the abbreviation for suspension
susp
What is the abbreviation for emulsion
emul
What is the abbreviation for tablet
tab
What is the abbreviation for 5% dextrose in water
D5W
What is the abbreviation for capsule
cap
What is the abbreviation for suppository
supp
What is the abbreviation for enteric coated
E.C.
What is the abbreviation for right eye
O.D.
What is the abbreviation for left eye
O.S.
What is the abbreviation for both eyes
O.U.
What is the abbreviation for left it be labeled
sig
What is the abbreviation for one-half
(line over)-ss
What is the abbreviation for tonight
tonoc
What is the abbreviation for aspirin
ASA
What is the abbreviation for nitroglycerin
NTG
What is the abbreviation for keep vein open
KVO
What is the abbreviation for greater than
>
What is the abbreviation for less than
<
What is the abbreviation for tablespoon
T/tblsp
What is the abbreviation for teaspoon
t/tsp
What is the abbreviation for nasogastric
N/G
What is the abbreviation for cubic centimeter
cc
What is the abbreviation for grain
gr
What is the abbreviation for gram
gm
What is the abbreviation for dram
(cursive)-y
What is the abbreviation for ounce
(cursive)-z
What is the abbreviation for microgram
mcg
What is the abbreviation for minum
m
What is the abbreviation for milliliters
ml
What is the abbreviation for milligram
mg/mgm
What is the abbreviation for drops
gtt
What is the abbreviation for intramuscular
IM
What is the abbreviation for intravenous
IV
What is the abbreviation for hypodermic
H
What is the abbreviation for subcutaneous
subQ, subcu
What is the abbreviation for orally
po, (o)
What is the abbreviation for rectally
R
What is the abbreviation for sublingual
SL
What is the abbreviation for one
(line over)-1
What is the abbreviation for 2
(line over)-11
What is the abbreviation for 1 1/2
(line over)-1ss
What is the abbreviation for 5
(line over and under)-v
What is the abbreviation for 10
(line over and under)-x
What is the abbreviation for change
(triangle)
What is the abbreviation for duration of hospital stay
DHS
What is the abbreviation for postprandial (following a meal)
PP
What is the abbreviation for with
(line over)-c
What is the abbreviation for morning (usually 9am)
AM
What is the abbreviation for afternoon (12am)
PM
What is the abbreviation for everyday (9am)
QD
What is the abbreviation for twice daily (9am, 5pm)
BID
What is the abbreviation for three times daily (9am, 1pm, 5pm)
TID
What is the abbreviation for four times daily (9am, 1pm, 5pm, 9pm)
QID
What is the abbreviation for before a meal
AC
What is the abbreviation for after a meal
PC
What is the abbreviation for bedtime, hour of sleep
HS
What is the abbreviation for every four hours around the clock
q4h
What is the abbreviation for every six hours around the clock
q6h
What is the abbreviation for every eight hours
q8h
What is the abbreviation for every twelve hours
q12h
What is the abbreviation for may repeat one time
MRx1
What is the abbreviation for as needed
prn
What is the abbreviation for after
(line over)-p
What is the abbreviation for dispense as written
daw
What is the abbreviation for intravenous piggyback
IVPB
What is the abbreviation for intravenous push
IVP
What is the abbreviation for large dose of med at one time
bolus
Define IVPB
allow two substances be used at once into patient
Define IVP
ability to push medication through IV
where are antibiotics derived from?
molds
What divisions are followed by pharmacology?
- medicinal chemistry
- pharmacodynamics
- phatmacokinetics
- molecular pharmacology
- chemotherapy
- toxicology
What is the study of new drug synthesis and the relationship between chemical structure and biologic effects?
medicinal chemistry
What is the study of a durg’s effect on its target in the body?
pharmacodynamics
What is the study of drug interactions and subcellular entities (DNA, RNA, enzymes)
molecular pharmacology
What is the study of drug absorbtion, distribution into body compartments, metabolism, and excretion over a period of time?
pharmokinetics
What is the study of drugs that destroy infectious microorganisms (virus, bacteria, parasite, cancer cell)
chemotherapy
What is the study of harmful effects of drugs and chemicals son the body?
toxicology
What is a substance that prevent or reverse the unwanted effects of drugs?
antidote
What are the three different types of names for a drug?
- chemical
- generic
- brand
what drug name is the exact chemical makeup of the drug?
chemical name
What drug name that identifies the drug legally and scientifically?
generic name
How many generic names are there per drug?
1
What drug name is the private property of the individual drug manufacturer, no competitor may use it, usually has a subscription R after or before the name?
brand name
What are the brand names for amoxicillin?
- amoxil
- polymox
- trimox
What is an independent committee of physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacists, and manufacturers?
united States pharmacopia (USP)
What has the responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be distributed and sold and dor what specific disease indication or disease?
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Where are two large drug reference listings?
- library
- hospital
What drug reference listings is complete and up to date?
hospital formulary
What is published by a private firm, and drug manufatures pay to have their products listed?
Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR)
Define oral administration.
How does it work?
- drugs given by mouth
- fluids dissolved in stomach or intestinal tract
- enters bloodstream
What are the disadvantages of oral administration?
- take hours before entering the bloodstream
- may be destroyed in digestive tract, ineffective
How does sublingual administration work?
- drug placed under tongue
- dissolves in saliva
- may be rapid
What is Nitroglycerin tablets used for?
What administration is it?
- treat attacks of angina (chest pain)
- sublingual
How does rectal administration work?
When is this method recomended?
- suppositories (cone-shaped object with drug) and aqueous solutions inserted into rectum
- when there difficculties with oral administration
How does parenteral administration work?
- injection from syringe through hollow needle in skin
- into muscle, vein, or body cavity
What are the types of parenteral aministrations?
- intracavitary
- intradermal injection
- subsutaneous (hypodermic) injection (subQ)
- Intramuscular injection (IM)
- intrathecal instillation
- intravenous injection (IV)
How does intracavitary instillation work?
injection into body cavity
How does intradermal infection work?
superficial infection into upper layers of skin
- usually for skin testing for allergies
How does subcutaneous injection work?
What’s an example?
- hypodermic needle into subcutaneous tissue
- usually on upper arm, thigh, or abdomen
- injection of insulin
How does intramuscular injection (IM) work?
- buttock of upper arm
- rapid absorbtion
How does intra thecal instillation work?
- instillation into space under membranes surround the spinal cord and brain
How does intravenous injection work?
- injection into vein
Define aerosols
- particles of drug suspended in air
- administered by inhalation
- treat asthma
How does topical application work?
- applied onto skin or mucous membrane
Define antisepsis
against infection
Define antipruritics
against itching
What is it when a drug enters the body and produces its effect by interacting with a specific target?
receptor
What is the exact dose, timing, and frequecy of drug administration?
schedule
Drefine additive action
combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of each effects
When drugs give less than an additive effect, what’s it called?
antagonistic
When drugs give more than an additive effect, what’s it called?
synergistic
Define addiction
physical and psychologic dependence on craving for a drug
Define controlled substance
drugs that produce dependence and have potential for abuse or addiction
Define iatrogenic
produced by treatment
What are factors in a patient’s condition that make the use of a drug dangerous and ill-adised?
contraindications
Define analgesic
pertaining to without sensitivity to pain
- drug that lessens pain
What are different types antimicrobials?
- antibiotics
- antifungals
- antivirals
- antiprotozoans
define antihistamines
block the action of histamine
- released in allergic reactions
Define antiemetic
prevention of nausea
What are selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)?
block estrogen-simulation effects on breast cancer tissue
What food sources contain vitamin A?
- leafy, green and yellow vegetables
What food sources contain vitamin B1?
- yeast
- ham
- milk
What food sources contain vitamin B2?
- milk
- green vegetables
What food sources contain vitamin B3?
- peanuts
- fish
What food sources contain vitamin B9?
- vegetables
- cereal
What food sources contain vitamin B12?
- milk
- eggs
What food sources contain vitamin C?
- citrus fruit
- vegetables
What food sources contain vitamin D?
- milk
- egg yolk
What food sources contain vitamin E?
- cereal
- egg yolk
What food sources contain vitamin K?
- kale
- spinach
