Chapter 19: Oncology Flashcards
Define neoplasms
- new growths
- arrise from normal tissue
- malignant or benign
Define malignant tumors
- invasion
- spread to surrounding/distant sites
Define benign tumors
- noninvasive
- doesn’t spread to other site
Define benign
- slow growing
- encapsulated, noninvasive
- well-differentiated
- nonmetastic
Define malignant
- rapid multiply
- invasive, infiltrative
- anaplastic, undifferentiated
- metastatic
What are epithelial cells origin, and 90% of all malignancies are this…
carcinomas
What are connective tissue origin, and 5% of all malignancies?
sarcomas
Define mixed tissue tumors
What is another name for this?
- tissues that differentiate into epithelial, connective tissue
- teratomas
What are the types of pathological descriptions gross?
- cystic
- fungating
- inflammatory
- necrotic
- ulcerating
What are the types of pathological descriptions microscopic?
- alveolar
- carcinoma in situ
- diffuse
- dysplastic
- epidermoid
- follicular
- papillary
- undifferentiated
What is the grade of tumors?
degree of maturity/differentiation under a microscope
What is the stage of tumors?
extent of spread in the body
What are the types of surgical cancer treatments?
- cauterization
- core needle biopsy
- cryosurgery
- excisional biospy
- fine needle aspiration biopsy
- incisional biopsy
What are the types of radiation therapy for cancer treatment?
What is another name for it?
- brachytherapy
- electron beams
- external beam radiation (teletherapy)
- linear accelerator
- photon therapy
- proton therapy
- palliative
- radiation oncology
Define anaplasia
loss of differentiation of cells
Define angiogenesis
process of forming new blood vessels
Define antibiotics
pertianing to against bacteria
- chemicals produced b bacteria/plants
- inhibit growth of cells
Define benign tumor
noncancerous growth
(neoplasm)
Define carcinogens
cancer-causing agents
Define carcinoma
What is it made up of?
cancerous tumor
- made up of epithelial origin cells
Define chemotherapy
treatment with drugs/chemicals
Define dedifferentiation
loss of differentiation of cells
Define electron beams
- low-energy beams of radiation
- treatment of skin/surface rumors
Define infiltrative
extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues
Define invasive
ability to enter, destroy surrounding tissue
Define linear accelerator
- large electronic device
- produce high-energy x-ray means
- treat deep-seated tumors
Define metastasis
beyond control
- spread of malignant to a secondary site
Define modality
method of treatment
- surgery
- chemotherapy
- irradiation
Define morbidity
condition of being unwell
- deficient in normal function
Define palliative
- relieving
- not curing symptoms
Define photon therapy
radiation therapy
- use energy (x-rays/gamma rays)
Define protocol
Detailed plan for treatment of illness
Define radiation
energy carried by stream of particle
Define radiotherapy
treatment of tumors
- use doses/radiation
Define serous
appearance of thin, watery fluid
Define solid tumor
tumor composed of a mass of cells
Define virus
infectious agent
- reproduces by entering a host
Define cachexia
- wasting syndrome
- bad health
Define oncology
study of tumors
Define dysplastic
bad formation
Define osteosarcoma
malignant flesh tumor of the bone
Define adenocarcinoma
malignant tumor of the glandular tissue
Define hyperplasia
excessive growth of cells
What is a protein marker test
measure the level of proteins in blood/surface of tumor cells
What are the different types of clinical procedures to detect or treat malignancies?
- bone marrow biopsy
- bone marrow/stem cell transplant
- core needle biopsy
- laparoscopy
- mammography
- PET- CT Scans
- MRI
- Needle biopsy
- radionuclide scans
Unabbreviate BMT
bone marrow transplant
Unabbreviate bx
biopsy
Unabbreviate CA
cancer
Unabbreviate CEA
carcinoembryonic antigen
Unabbreviate chemo
chemotherapy
Unabbreviate 5-FU
5-fluorouracil
Unabbreviate mets
metastases
Unabbreviate NHL
non-hodgkin lymphoma
Unabbreviate NSCLC
non-small cell lung cancer
Unabbreviate Pap smear
Papanicolaou smear
Unabbreviate PSA
prostate-specific antigen
Unabbreviate TNM
tumor, nodes, metastases
How many sites can metastasis spread to
- primary
- 1, multiple secondary
What organs are composed of epithelial tissue?
- gastrointestinal tract
- glandular tissue
- thyroid
- reproductive organs
- skin
What organs of glandular tissue are composed of epithelial tissue?
- breast
- pancreas
- prostate
- salivary glands
What connective tissue can sarcomas be derives from?
- smooth muscle
- fat
- nerves
- leukoctyes
- lymphocyte
What type of organs can produce mixed tissue tumors?
- kidney
teratoma - ovaries/testies
Define cystic
the forming of large open spaces filled with fluid
Define fungating
mushroom pattern of growth of tumor cells
- pile on top of one another
- project from tissue surface
Define necrotic
pertaining to dead tissue
Define Ulcerating
open, exposed surface
- death of overlined tissue
Define aveolar
tumor cells
- form patterns in resemblance to small sacs
Define carcinoma in situ
referring to localize tumor cells
- does not invaded in adjacent structure
Define Diffuse
spread evenly through out effective tissue
Define dysplatic
containing abnormal appearing cells
- not clearly cancerous
Define epidermoid
resembling squamous epithelial cells
- thin plate-like
Define follicular
small, round gland type of cluster
Define papillary
forming of small finger-like/nipple-like projections of cells
Define undifferentiated
lacking a microscope structure
- topical normal mature cells
When grading tumors, how many grades are usually used?
1-4
What is grade 1 of tumors?
- well differentiated
- closely resemble normal cells
What is stage 4 for tumors?
- ## undefferentiated
Define TN&M
T:
tumor (size, degree, local extension)
N:
nodes (how many have been invaded/cancerous)
Metastasis
Define cauterization
destrusction of tissue
- burning
Define core needle biopsy
large core needle
- extracts the core of tissue
Define cryosurgery
destroy tissue
- use subfreezing temp.
Define excisional biopsy
removal of tumor, margin of tissue
- use for diagnosis
Define fine needle aspiration biopsy
thin need in tumor
- extract cells for microscopic evaluation
Define incisional biopsy
piece of tumor removed
- establish diagnosis
- more extensive surgical procedure, treatment
Define brachytherapy
small sealed containers of radio active material
- inserted into tumor
Define electron beams
low energy beam
- protreate skin/surface of tumors
Define external beam radiation (teletherapy)
radiation applied to tumor from a distant source
Define linear accelerator
large electronic device
- produce high energy x-ray beams
- treat deep-seated tumors
Define photon therapy
radiation
- linear accelerator use x-ray/gamma ray
Define proton therapy
small subantomic (+) charge particles
Define palliative
- relieving symptoms
Define bone marrow biospy
- aspiration of bone marrow cells
- removal of bone marrow tissue
Define bone marrow or stem cell transplant
bone cells/stem cells infused intravenously
Define laparoscopy
visual examination of abdominal cavity
- use small incision, laparscope
Define mammography
x-ray examination of breast
- detect cancer
Define PET- CT Scan
diagnostic procedure combined with CT, PET
- scan whole body for tumors
Define MRI
Magnetic Resonace Imaging
Define Radionuclide scans
radio active substance injected intravenously
- scan organs obtained
- detect tumor or metastasis
Define glioma
What other types of tumors does it contain?
- primary brain tumor
- astrocytoma
- ependymoma
- glioblastoma
Define hypernephroma
kidney tumor
Define melanoma
tumor of pigmented skin cells
Define mesothelioma
tumor of cells within the pleura
Define thymoma
thymus gland tumor
