Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Starting from the lungs, how is blood cycled through?
- oxygenated blood in L or R lung capilaries
- heart (L side)
- aorta
- arteries
- aterioles
- tissue capillaries
- venules
- veins
- venae cavae
- heart (R side)
- pulmonary artery
- back to lung capillaries
What occurs during pulmonary circulation?
blood picks up oxygen and loses carbon dioxide
What occurs when blood travels to the tissue capillaries?
oxygenated blood loses oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide
Where is the systemic circulation located?
heart
What is special about the pulmonary artery?
the only artery in the body that carries oxygen deficient blood
What is special about pulmonary veins?
the only type of veins that carry oxygen rich blood
Name all the arteries in the body?
- common carotid artery
- axillary artery
- renal artery
- brachial artery
- radial artery
- Popliteal artery
- dorsalis pedis artery
- splenic artery
- femoral artery
- posterior tibial artery
Name all the aortas in the body
- arch of the aorta
- ascending aorta
- thoracic aorta
- abdominal aorta
Define apical
over the heart
Define radial
at the wrist
Define carotid
on the side of the neck
Define dorsalis pedis
on the top of the foot
Define femoral
at the groin
Define tibial
at the ankle
Name the anatomical structures of the heart
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- right atrium
- tricuspid valve
- right ventricle
- pulmonary valve
- pulmonary artery
- pulmonary veins
- left atrium
- mitral valve
- left ventricle
- aortic valve
- aorta
Name the two phases of the heartbeat
- diastole
- systole
Define diastole
relaxation
Define systole
contraction
The diastole-systole cardiac cycle occurs how many times per minute?
70-80 times
The hear pumps how much blood with each contraction?
3 ounces
How much blood is pumped per minute?
hour?
day?
minute:
- 5 quarts
hour:
- 75 gallons
day:
- 2000 gallons
What does the sound “lubb” mean?
closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves
- beginning of systole
(S1)
What does the sound “dubb” mean?
closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
- end of systole
(S2)
What does the sound “murmur” mean?
abnormal heart sound
- from improper valve closure
Unabbreviate and define SA node
sinoatrial node
- the pacemaker of the heart
Define pacemaker
origin of electrical impulse
- cause walls of atria to contract
- force blood into the ventricles (ending diastole)
Unabbreviate and define AV node
atrioventricular node
- sends the excitation wave to a bundle of specialized fibers (atrioventricular bundle or Bundle of His.)
Define Bundle of His
helps form conduction myofibers
- extend to and stimilates ventricle walls to contract
- beginning systole
- a short rest period follows
After the short rest period, following the Bundle of His, what begins the wave of excitation again?
pacemaker
Unabbreviate and define ECG or EKG
electrocardiogram
- record
- detects electrical changes in the heart muscle as the heat beats
Define blood pressure
the force blood exerts on arterial walls
what is blood pressure measure with?
sphygmomanometer
How is blood pressure read?
fraction
- (systolic pressure/diastolic pressure)
- (mm Hg)
Define hypertension
high blood pressure
Define angiogram
record of a vessel
Define angioplasty
surgical repair of a vessel
Define hemangioma
mass of blood vessels
Define aortic stenosis
narrowing of the aorta
Define arteriosclerosis
hardening of the structure of an artery
Define arteriogram
record of an artery
Define endarterectomy
removal of plague from the inner layer of an artery
Define atheroma
collectio of yellowish plague
Define atherosclerosis
hardening of yellowish plague
Define atrioventricular
pertaining to the atrium and ventricle
Define atrial
pertaining to the atrium
Define brachial
pertaining to the arm
Define cardiomegaly
enlargement of the heart
Define cardiomyopathy
disease of the heart muscle
Define bradycardia
slow heart beat
Define tachycardia
fast heart beat
Define hypercholesterolemia
excessive cholesterol in the blood
Define coronary
pertaining to the heart
Define cyanosis
condition of blue
Define myxoma
benign tumor made of mucus inside the heart
Define hypoxia
pertaining to low oxygem
Define pallor
pale
Define pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
Define pericardiocentesis
surgical puncture of the pericardium
Define phlebitis
inflammation of the vein
Define phlebotomy
incision into the vein
Define thrombolytic
drug used to dissolve clots
Define valvuloplasty
surgical repair of the valve
Define vasoconstriction
narrowing of the vessel
Define venous
pertaining to the vein
Define pericardial effusion
release of fluid/air into the hear
Define patent
open
Define occlusion
blockage
Define auscultation
listening for sounds in blood vessels/other body structures
- using stethoscope
Define arrhythmias
What is it also known as?
abnormal heart rhythms
dysrhythmias
Name a couple of arrhythmias
- bradycardia
- atrial flutter
- atrial fibrillation
- right bundle branch block (RBBB)
- left bundle branch block (LBBB)
Define congenital heart disease
abnormalities in the heart at birth
Unabbreviate and Define CHF
congestive heart failure
- heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood
Unabbreviate S&S and give examples of it for congestive heart failure
signs and symptoms
- pulmonary edema
- shortness of breath
- edema of the legs, feet, and ankles
What treatment can be used for congestive heart disease?
- diuretic
- cardiotonic
- vasodilator
Define diuretic
creates urine
Define cardiotonic
tones/strengthens the heart
Define vasodilator
widens the vessels
Define pulmonary edema
fluid accumulation in the lungs
Unabbreviate and Define CAD
coronary artery disease
- disease of the arteries surrounding the heart
Unabbreviate MI
What is it also known as?
myocardial infraction
- heart attack
unabbreviate AMI
acute myocardial infarction
Define infract
dead tissue
What are some S&S of MI
- chest pain that radiates down the left arm and into the jaw
- dyspnea
- cyanosis
- pallor
- N/V
- SOB
Unabbreviate N/V
nausea and vomiting
Unabbreviate SOB
shortness of breath
Name MI diagnostic tests
- blood test
- chest x-ray
- EKG 12 different tracings
- echocardiogram
- cardiac catheterization
What type of blood test is used for MI?
define it
Troponin
- heart muscle protein
- released into circulation after myocardial injury
Name some MI treatments
- bedrest
- cardiotonics (medication)
- CABG
- telemetry
- change lifestyle
unabbreviate CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
Define telemetry
monitoring a patients heart rhythm through electronic transmission of data
What are some complications associated with MI
- arrythmias
- congestive heart failure (CHF)
- aneurysm of weakened muscle
Define endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
Unabbreviate and Define MVP
What is it also called?
mitral valve prolapse
- improper closure of mitral valve
click murmur syndrome
When are murmur-extra heart sound heard
between normal beats
Define bruit
abnormal sound/murmur heart on auscultation
Define aneurysm
local widening of an arterial wall
Define angina pectoris
chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia
Define ischemia
the flow of blood is decreased/stopped entirely
Define deep vein thrombosis
blood clot forms in a large vein
Define peripheral aterial disease
blockage of arteries carrying out blood to the legs, arms kidneys, and other organs
What is BNP test used for?
diagnose patients with CHF
Define lipoprotein electrophoresis
lipoprotein are physically separated and measured in a blood sample
Unabbreviate and Define ECHO
- echoes generated by high frequency sound waves produce images of the heart
Define cardiac catheterization
thin flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein/artery
- dye is injected into the coronary arteries
- evaluate the effects of an MI
- used to prepare for an angiography
Define holster monitoring
and ECG device is worn during a 24hr period
- detect cardiac arrhythmias
Define stress test
exercise tolerance test
- determines the heat’s response to physical exertion
Define defibrillation
brief discharges of electricity applied across the chest to stop dysrythmias
unabbreviate and define CABG
coronary artery bypass graft surgery
- a section of a vein is removed from the leg and anastomosed to a coronary artery
- bypass an area of arteriosclerotic blockage
- an internal mammary artery is grafted to a coronary artery
- bypass blockage
Unabbreviate PCI, what does it include?
percutaneous coronary intervention
- percutaneous translational coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
- stent placement
- laser angioplasty
- atherectomy
Unabbreviate PTCA
percutaneous translational coronary angioplasty
Unabbreviate AAA
abdominal aortic aneurysm
Unabbreviate ACS
acute coronary syndrome
Unabbreviate AF or a-fib
atrial fibrillation
Unabbreviate BBB
bundle branch block
Unabbreviate DVT
deep vein thrombosis
Unabbreviate HDL
high-density lipoprotein
Unabbreviate HTN
hypertension
Unabbreviate LDL
low-density lipoprotein
Unabbreviate NSR
normal sinus rhythm
Unabbreviate PVC
premature ventricular contraction
Unabbreviate S1
lubb
Unabbreviate S2
dubb
