Chapter 2: Psychological Research

Question 1

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 1

Ideas are tested in the real world

Question 2

Inductive reasoning

Answer 2

Real world observations lead to new ideas to test

Question 3

Theory

Answer 3

Well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation of observed phenomena

Question 4

Falsifiable

Answer 4

Able to be disproven by experimental results

Question 5

Case Study

Answer 5

Observational research study focusing on one or a few people

Question 6

Naturalistic Observations

Answer 6

Observation of behavior in its natural setting

Question 7

Surveys

Answer 7

List of questions to be answered by research participants, allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people

Question 8

Longitudinal Study

Answer 8

Study in which the same group of individuals is surveyed/measured repeatedly over an extended period of time

Question 9

Attrition

Answer 9

Reduction in number of research participants that drop out of an experiment over time.

Question 10

Correlation

Answer 10

Relationship between 2+ variables, one changes as the other does (normal/positive or inversely/negative)

Question 11

Illusory correlation

Answer 11

Correlation, not causation

Question 12

Confirmation bias

Answer 12

Tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas/beliefs

Question 13

Inter-rater reliability

Answer 13

Measure of agreement among observers on how they record/classify a particular event

Question 14

Double-blind study

Answer 14

Experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to which group the participants are part of. (Control v experimental group)

Question 15

Independent variable

Answer 15

Variable messed with by experimenter; difference between control and experimental group; ‘cause’ variable

Question 16

Dependent variable

Answer 16

Variable not messed with by experimenter; ‘effect’ variable

Question 17

Random sample

Answer 17

Subset of a larger population in which every member of said population has equal chance of being selected

Question 18

Reliability

Answer 18

Consistency and reproducibility of a given result

Question 19

Validity

Answer 19

Accuracy of given result in measuring what it is designed to

Question 20

IRB

Answer 20

Institutional Review Board
Committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants.

Question 21

Informed consent

Answer 21

Process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, implications of the research, and obtaining the person’s consent to participate

Question 21

Debriefing

Answer 21

When an experiment involves deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion