Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology

Question 1

Wundt-Structuralism

Answer 1

Tried to understand the structure of the mind and how humans react to stimuli
*Used introspection
*Bad at answering questions because of frequent disagreements, caused by high subjectivity
*Focused on parts, not the whole person
*Contradicts Gestalt psychology

Hint: Frequent disagreements resulted in people Wilhelm Wundt screaming at eachother and throwing eachother out of structures

Question 2

William James-Functionalism

Answer 2

Tried to understand how mental activities help us function and fit into our environment/s.
*Used evolutionary theory to understand the function of human reactions
*Interested in whole mind rather than parts.
*Described consciousness as an “ever-changing stream of flow”
*Brought animal study into psych and promoted educational psych, which led to the rise of industrial psych

Hint: Will(am) and James trying to make a river out of functions in math class

Question 3

Freud-Psychoanalysis

Answer 3

*Radically different ideas
*Thoughts are like an iceberg
*Behavior is influenced by unconscious thoughts, impulses, and desires
*All thoughts, emotions, and actions are predetermined

Question 4

Gestalt psychology

Answer 4

*Study thinking, learning, and perception as a whole, not by parts.
*Whole is greater than the sum of its parts
*Many experiences cannot be broken into smaller units.
*Contradicts Wundt-Structuralism
*Moving to the US, and the rise of behaviorism forced Kohler, Koffka, & Wertheimer to abandon their work

Hint: Gestalt = salt, Na and Cl make something better than themselves.

Question 5

Skinner/Watson-Behaviorism

Answer 5

Founder of behaviorism: Watson
*Challenged Functionalism and Structuralism observation of the mind or unconscious experience
*Human behavior is the result of life experiences
*Believed introspection is unscientific because of subjectivity
*Observe the relationship between stimuli and an animal’s response
*Can control behavior by strengthening it with a reinforcer or weakening it with a punishment.

*Skinner concentrated on how behavior was affected by its consequences
*Developed the Skinner box or operant chamber.

Question 6

Rogers/Maslow-Humanistic Psychology

Answer 6

*Humans have free will
*Humans are innately good

Question 7

Margaret Floy Washburn

Answer 7

First woman to earn a doctorate in psychology in 1894

Hint: Younger woman running up to older woman using a washboard in a house to tell her about her psych doctorate.

Question 8

Mary Whiton Calkins

Answer 8

Completed all requirements toward the Ph.D. in psychology, but Harvard University refused to award that degree.

Question 9

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 9

*States that basic needs must be met before higher-level needs begin to motivate our behavior.

*Self-actualization: Inner fulfillment
*Esteem: Self-worth, accomplishment, confidence
*Social: Family, friends, intimacy, belonging
*Security: Safety, employment, assets
*Physiological: Food, water, shelter, warmth

Question 10

Carl Rodgers

Answer 10

*Invented client-centered therapy, which involves the patient taking a lead role in the therapy session.
*Therapists must show unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy.

Hint: patient talks a while, “you get all that?” “Rodger.”

Question 11

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 11

*German scientist
*The first person to be referred to as a
psychologist

Question 12

Piaget and Cognitive Psych

Answer 12

Study of thoughts and their relationship to experiences and actions

Question 13

Counseling Psych

Answer 13

Area of psychology that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals

Question 14

Clinical Psych

Answer 14

Area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior

Question 15

Five-Factor Model

Answer 15

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

Question 16

Social Psych

Answer 16

Focuses on how we interact with/relate to others

Question 17

Health psych

Answer 17

Focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

Question 18

Forensic Psych

Answer 18

branch of psychology that deals questions of psychology as they arise in the context of the justice system

Question 19

Industrial-Organizational psychology (I-O psychology)

Answer 19

A subfield of psychology that applies psychological theories, principles, and research findings in industrial and organizational settings