Chapter 2: Pharmacologic Principles

Question 1

What is a drug classification broken down into?

Answer 1

structures (beta blocker)
subclass (selective & nonselective)

selective is a specific action
nonselective is any action

Question 2

What are therapeutic uses broken down into?

Answer 2

subclass (penicillin)
prototypical drugs (first drug in a class of drugs)

Question 3

What is a prototypical drug?

Answer 3

first drug in a class of drugs

Question 4

What is pharmaceutics the study of?

Answer 4

how various drugs forms influence the way in which the drug effects the body

can be broken down into
solids (tablets, capsules, powders)
liquids (solution, suspensions)

Question 5

What is pharmacokinetics the study of?

Answer 5

what the body does to the drug
1. absorption (how it enters the body)
2. distribution (where does it go)
3. metabolism (how its broken down)
4. excretion (how it leaves the body)

Question 6

What is pharmacodynamics the study of?

Answer 6

how the drug affects the body, what it does to the body

Question 7

What is pharmacotherapeutics the study of?

Answer 7

clinical uses of drugs to prevent/treat diseases

Question 8

What is the enteral route?

Answer 8

when the drug is absorbed through systemic circulation through orally, gastric mucosa, and small intestines

Question 9

How is medication given through enteral route?

Answer 9

oral
sublingual (under tongue)
buccal (cheeks)
rectal (can be topical)

Question 10

Fastest to slowest absorption with medications?

Answer 10

powder
tablet
capsule
coated

Question 11

How do you give medications through the parenteral route?

Answer 11

IV (fastest delivery)
IM
SubQ
Intradermal
intraarterial
intrathecal
intraarticular

Question 12

What is the fastest way to deliver medication

Answer 12

Intravenously

Question 13

What does bioavailability mean?

Answer 13

the amount of drug that is available to be absorbed

Question 14

What route has a less bioavailability?

Answer 14

orally because it has a longer process to read the bloodstream, by the time it gets there, a smaller amount enters because it was chemically changed by the liver

Question 15

What route has more bioavailability

Answer 15

IV because it goes directly into the bloodstream

Question 16

What is the first pass effect?

Answer 16

it reduces the bioavailability of a drug

Question 17

What route does NOT require first pass effect?

Answer 17

IV, it is 100% bioavailable

Question 18

What route has a first pass effect?

Answer 18

oral, because bioavailability is decreased to less then 100%

Question 19

What does bioequivalent mean?

Answer 19

2 drugs with the same bioavailability and concentration

Question 20

What does distribution of a drug do?

Answer 20

transports drugs by the bloodstream to the site of action

Question 21

What is the difference between protein bound drugs, and drugs that are NOT bound?

Answer 21

protein bound drugs are inactive
not bound are active, unbound can freely distribute to the site of action

Question 22

Albumins role

Answer 22

common blood protein that carries protein bound drug molecules, very little amount of this is unbound

Question 23

Where does metabolism most likely occur, and where else can it occur?

Answer 23

occurs most in the liver

other areas are kidneys, lungs, blood, intesines

Question 24

What factors effect the metabolism of medications?

Answer 24

age
first pass effect
nutritional status
can increase in some medication-metabolizing enzymes

Question 25

When can the rate of metabolizing a medication increase?

Answer 25

in some medication-metabolizing enzymes

Question 26

Where is the primary place excretion of a medication occurs, and other places it can occur

Answer 26

primary are the kidneys (renal)

others are bowel/biliary

Question 27

What is a half-life

Answer 27

the time required for half (50%) of the drug to be removed from the body

Question 28

How many half-lives does it take to completely remove a drug?

Answer 28

about 5 half-lives

Question 29

What is a steady state?

Answer 29

amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of the drug that was absorbed with each dose