Chapter 2: Pharmacologic Principles Flashcards
What is a drug classification broken down into?
structures (beta blocker)
subclass (selective & nonselective)
selective is a specific action
nonselective is any action
What are therapeutic uses broken down into?
subclass (penicillin)
prototypical drugs (first drug in a class of drugs)
What is a prototypical drug?
first drug in a class of drugs
What is pharmaceutics the study of?
how various drugs forms influence the way in which the drug effects the body
can be broken down into
solids (tablets, capsules, powders)
liquids (solution, suspensions)
What is pharmacokinetics the study of?
what the body does to the drug
1. absorption (how it enters the body)
2. distribution (where does it go)
3. metabolism (how its broken down)
4. excretion (how it leaves the body)
What is pharmacodynamics the study of?
how the drug affects the body, what it does to the body
What is pharmacotherapeutics the study of?
clinical uses of drugs to prevent/treat diseases
What is the enteral route?
when the drug is absorbed through systemic circulation through orally, gastric mucosa, and small intestines
How is medication given through enteral route?
oral
sublingual (under tongue)
buccal (cheeks)
rectal (can be topical)
Fastest to slowest absorption with medications?
powder
tablet
capsule
coated
How do you give medications through the parenteral route?
IV (fastest delivery)
IM
SubQ
Intradermal
intraarterial
intrathecal
intraarticular
What is the fastest way to deliver medication
Intravenously
What does bioavailability mean?
the amount of drug that is available to be absorbed
What route has a less bioavailability?
orally because it has a longer process to read the bloodstream, by the time it gets there, a smaller amount enters because it was chemically changed by the liver
What route has more bioavailability
IV because it goes directly into the bloodstream
What is the first pass effect?
it reduces the bioavailability of a drug
What route does NOT require first pass effect?
IV, it is 100% bioavailable
What route has a first pass effect?
oral, because bioavailability is decreased to less then 100%
What does bioequivalent mean?
2 drugs with the same bioavailability and concentration
What does distribution of a drug do?
transports drugs by the bloodstream to the site of action
What is the difference between protein bound drugs, and drugs that are NOT bound?
protein bound drugs are inactive
not bound are active, unbound can freely distribute to the site of action
Albumins role
common blood protein that carries protein bound drug molecules, very little amount of this is unbound
Where does metabolism most likely occur, and where else can it occur?
occurs most in the liver
other areas are kidneys, lungs, blood, intesines
What factors effect the metabolism of medications?
age
first pass effect
nutritional status
can increase in some medication-metabolizing enzymes
When can the rate of metabolizing a medication increase?
in some medication-metabolizing enzymes
Where is the primary place excretion of a medication occurs, and other places it can occur
primary are the kidneys (renal)
others are bowel/biliary
What is a half-life
the time required for half (50%) of the drug to be removed from the body
How many half-lives does it take to completely remove a drug?
about 5 half-lives
What is a steady state?
amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of the drug that was absorbed with each dose
