Chapter 1-6 Pharmacology Exam Flashcards
Enteral Medications
absorbed in the systemic circulation through oral, gastric mucosa and small intestines
Examples of Enteral Medications
-sublingual (under the tongue)
-oral
-buccal (cheeks)
-rectal (can be topical)
Parental Medications
Intravenous which is the fastest delivery in circulation
-IM
-SubQ
-Intradermal
What are the forms of drugs?
Solids: powders, tablets, capsules
Liquids: solutions and suspensions
Fastest to slowest absorption of drugs
buccal
suspensions solutions
powders
capsules
tablets
coated tablets
enteric-coated tablets
Where does metabolization of drugs mostly take place?
Liver (hepatic)
others are kidneys, lungs, blood, intestines
Where does excretion of drugs mostly take place?
kidney (renal)
Peak level
highest blood level of a drug
When do you check peak levels of drugs?
30 mins after administering medication
Trough level
lowest blood level of a drug
When do you check trough levels?
before giving the next dose of medication
Therapeutic index
high = wide safety range, no need to check
low = small safety range, check routinely
Palliative therapy
helps relieve pain and symptoms that is caused by a disease
Maintenance therapy
prevents progression of a disease/chronic illness and is given on a daily basis
Empiric therapy
also known as prophylactic
prevents illnesses when conditions have a high likelihood of occurence based on symptoms the pt has
Supplemental therapy
supplies the body with substance that is needed to maintain normal function because the body can’t make it or does not make enough of it
ex: iron deficiency/diabetics
Drug tolerance
decreasing response to a repeated drug
Drug dependence
physiologic or psychologic need for a drug
Physical dependence
physiologic or psychologic need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms
Psychological dependence
addiction/obsessive desire for euphoric effects of a drug
Additive effects
combined effects of 2 drugs given together is the same as each drug you give alone in similar doses
Antagonistic effects
occurs when the effect of one drug is decreased or blocked if you give it with another drug
Synergistic effects
occurs when the effect of one drug is greater if you give it with another drug
Incompatibility of a drug
2 drugs that have a reaction when mixed/given together which results in a chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs`
Autonomy
ability to make own decision
-promote pt decision/support informed consent
Veracity
to tell the truth even if a mistake was made
Beneficence
promoting/doing good
Nonmaleficence
duty to do no harm
Breach of duty
breached duty through actions/inactions such as not noticing the IV site is swollen
Causation
breach caused damage/injury such as a nurse failing to notice something that resulted in the patient need a skin graft
Damage
pt was harmed/injured and it can’t be reversed such as skin/nerve damage resulting in limited use of arm
Drug polymorphism
how the same drug can have different responses in different people
Adverse drug events
when someone was harmed by medicine, any undesirable occurrence related to administration of or failure to administer a prescribed medication
Allergic reaction vs idiosyncratic reaction
AR: often predictable
Idiosyncratic: unpredictable, abnormal/unexpected response to a medication
Affective domain
“feeling domain”
expresses feelings, needs, beliefs, values, opinions
Psychomotor domain
“doing domain”
learning a new procedure or skill
Cognitive domain
“learning/thinking domain”
level where basic knowledge is learned and stored, includes a persons previous experience
Pharmaceutics
science of preparing and dispensing drugs
Pharmacodynamics
study of what the drug does to the body
biochemical/ physiologic interactions of drugs at there sites of activity
Pharmacoeconomics
study of economic factors effecting the cost of drug therapy
Pharmacogenomics
study of the influence of genetic factors of drug response that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes
Pharmacognosy
study of drugs that are obtained natural plant/animal sources
Pharmacokinetics
what happens to the drug from the time it is put into the body until all drug has left the body
-absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Pharmacotherapeutic
treatment of pathologic conditions through drugs
Prototypical drug
first form of drug, or first in a class of drugs, also called “key drugs”
What are the four main sources of drugs?
plants
animals
minerals
laboratory synthesis
Near miss
situation that did not produce a pt injury only by luck, the outcome did not occur
Close call
situation that took place but was identified before reaching the pt, took place but was fixed before getting worse
