Chapter 2 Fed State Flashcards
Triglycerides are digested down to —— in the—–
Digested down to glycerol and three fatty acid in the small intestine
Complex carbohydrates are digested down to——– in the——-
Digested down to simple sugars(glucose) in the mouth and small intestines
Proteins are digested down to———- in the——-
Digested down to free amino acids in the stomach and small intestine
Glucose starts off absorbed in the intestinal lining and is absorbed by
Glucose enters the blood and induces the pancreas to secrete insulin
Triglycerides are free-floating fat in the intestines that are released to—-and get turned into—-
Released to circulatory system
Intestinal cells absorb free fatty acid and reassemble them as triglycerides into particles called chylomicrons
Proteins starting off in the intestines is turned into
Protein is turned into amino acids and the free amino acids into the blood
In the Fed state, absorption in the gut has what concentrations
⬆️ insulin
⬇️glucagon
What to tissues do not need insulin to absorb glucose and will continue to absorb available glucose at all times
The brain
Red blood cells
In the Fed state, what does the brain do
The brain uses glucose almost exclusively and burns most of it all the way to carbon dioxide and water
Glucose➡️Acetyl CoA➡️TCA➡️ CO2 and H2O Or ATP
In the Fed state, the red blood cells
The red blood cells use glucose almost exclusively but since they don’t have mitochondria they burn it only as far as pyruvate then converted to lactate
Glucose➡️puruvate➡️lactate
Muscles in the Fed state will do what
Glucose is absorbed into muscle only when insulin permits the entry
Muscle will use glucose when there’s plenty of it because glucose increases insulin and insulin is required to absorb glucose into the muscle
Active muscle burns glucose to
Aerobically - CO2
Glucose➡️Acetyl CoA➡️ TCA➡️CO2 and H2O or ATP
anaerobic-glucose ➡️lactate
Non active muscle :
Glucose ➡️Glycogen
Non-active muscle will do what with glucose
Stores glucose as glycogen when muscle is not being used
In the liver glucose is used
Glucose can freely enter and leave the liver that can only be used by the liver when insulin is high
It needs insulin in order to do something with the glucose
In the liver the amino acids
Amino acids are taken up so liver can produce its own proteins the excess amino acids are converted to fat
The glucose in the liver can go three different pathways
Glucose➡️acetyl CoA ….turns into (1)TCA or (2)Triglycerides
- Glucose➡️️Acetyl CoA➡️TCA cycle ➡️ CO2 and H2O or ATP
- Glucose➡️Acetyl CoA➡️triglycerides(fat) ➡️ VLDL(cholesterol)
- Glucose➡️glycogen
What is a chylomicron
Form of triglyceride
Chylomicrons and VLDL meet up and do you what in the Fed state
Chylomicrons from the intestines and VLDL from the liver (FA+glycerol) are released by liquid particles at the surface of adipose tissue
The fatty added acid are taken into the adipose tissue and
Glucose is taken into the adipose tissue and
Absorbed fatty acids are reassembled and stored as triglycerides
Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose in the conversion of glycerol for Triglyceride fat synthesis
Puts it all back in together again inside adipose tissue as triglycerides
Fat cells can take in what
Fat cells can take excess glucose directly and converted into fat
Under what influence does the adipose tissue you take in glucose
Glucose is taken up by the adipose tissue under the influence of insulin
however insulin is only use for synthesis of glycerol which is added to fatty acid’s to make triglycerides inside adipose tissue for storage
Most tissues in the Fed state take up
Most tissues take up free amino acids as well as glucose and fats
1 option:Amino acids➡️protein synthesis OR to make important compounds
2nd option: Amino acids➡️️TCA Cycle➡️ATP and CO2+H2O
*muscles prefer to burn glucose first if it is available
Red blood cells most only do what process
Red blood cells do glycolysis and use glucose for energy
Triglycerides are digested into which components
Fatty acid same glycerol
When glucose enters the blood how does this affect the pancreas
It increases the release of insulin
Which particles carry fat in the blood after absorb room of day
Chylomicron
Which biomolecules is used as fiel by the red blood cells
Glucose
Glucose is absorbed by muscle under which condition
When insulin is high
In the fed state what occurs
Insulin is high Glycogen synthesis Fat synthesis Protein synthesis Brain uses glucose Muscle uses glucose
In the Fed state where is energy being stored
Organs like the liver. Muscle, and adipose tissue
️TCA means
Triacylglycerols
