Chapter 1 Review Flashcards
Proteins catabolize into
Amino acids
The primary molecule that transfers energy in the cell is
ATP
Complex carbs break down into
Simple sugars
Triglycerides break down into
3 Fatty acids and glycerol
How much energy does protein container
4kcal/ g
How much energy do carbs contain
4kcal/g
How much energy do fats contain
9kcal/g
How much energy does alcohol contain
7 kcal/g
What is catabolism?
It is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules
Releases energy as ATP
What is anabolism?
It is putting small molecules together to form big molecules
Uses energy as ATP
Why are proteins hetero polymers
They contain 20 different amino acids
How do you proteins breakdown
Proteins break amide bonds (in stomach and intestines) and turn into separate amino acids
Glycogen is what macromolecule
Carbohydrate
Glycogen is a polymer and breaks down into what monomer
Glucose
What is a covalent bond
It is a bond where the electrons are shared
Most fats are stored as
Triglycerides
Triglycerides break down into what different parts
Glycerol- which has three carbon backbone
3 fatty acids- Palmitate (saturated)
Stearate (saturated)
Oleate (unsaturated- one carbon double bond/ alkene)
When proteins are digested they are broken down into free
Amino acids
Which one of the following molecules is considered to be a macromolecule
Protein
Complex carbohydrate
Triglycerides
DNA and RNA
What three fuels do we consume?
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
What three other nutritional requirements do we consume but get no calories from
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
We need these in order to be able to break down the fuels that we consume
Xenobiotics
Non-nutrient chemicals such as toxins that we need to excrete
Most of our reserve energy is what
Fat
Why is glycogen the most important reserve energy
Our brain and red blood cells use glucose almost exclusively
Glycogen is used to store sugar where
Primarily in the liver
What is used only by the muscle and has .4%
Muscle glycogen
Where is glycogen stored and used primarily for the brain
Liver glycogen
What is used primarily by muscle but only during aerobic exercise
Hints this is the biggest storage of energy
Fat 15kg (85%)
What is used during starvation
Protein 6 Kg 14.5%
Why is energy mostly stored in fat instead of glycogen
That is a very dense way of storing energy because adipose tissue has a small amount of water and glycogen contains four times the amount of water than it does glycogen
Why does glycogen bind to four times as much water
Glycogen is polar with a hydroxyl group so it will bind with four times as much water
What is a type of homopolymer
Starch
Men need at least how much body fat
3%
Women need at least how much body fat
10-12%
What is the BMI average, ideal and obese numbers
Average is 20-25
Ideal 18-24.9
Obese over 30
What is the BMI formula
BMI= weight(kg)/height (m) ^2.
=704x lbs/Height (in) ^2
What is basal metabolic rate
BMR- Energy expenditure needed to maintain basic physiological function
BMR=24x body weight in kg
Lbs/2.2=kg
Factors that affect the BMR
Gender Body temperature Environment temperature Thyroid status Pregnancy and lactation Age Diet induced thermogenesis
What is the daily energy expenditure (DEE) formula
BMR+ physical activity (24hrs)
(Kg weight/24)+ physical activity
How many calories would we have to drop from our caloric intake in order to lose 2 pounds a week
1000kcal/day
1 lb of fat =
3500 kcal
Coke has how many calories
100 kcal/ 8 oz
Why is eliminating carbohydrates from your diet a bad idea
People on low sugar diet tend to eat too many calories of fat which can lead to cardiovascular problems
What percentage of carbohydrate should be in our diet
30-40%
What are the dietary fiber pros and cons
Pros: it is associated with lower cholesterol and colon cancer rates
Cons: it is a complex carbohydrate but we can’t digest it and therefore it has no dietary calories
Are saturated fatty acid and cholesterol needed in our diet
No because we can make our own
Why are unsaturated fat essential
Essential fatty acid are ones that we can’t make on our own so they must be in our diet
Four very important essential fatty acids
a-linoleic: omega 6 from plants
a-linilenic: omega 3 from plants
Eicosapentaenoic acid: omega 3 fish
Docosahexaenoic acid: omega 3 fish
Specific amino acid deficiencies
Vegetarian diets that consist mainly of wheat corn rice tend to be deficient in lysine
Beans lentils and other legumes low in the methionine
How many amino acids are essential nutrients
9-11 of the 20 amino acids are essential
Amino acids also serve as what
Nitrogen source for nonessential amino acid’s for nucleic acid and other nitrogen containing molecules such as hemes
What are the essential nutrients for protein function
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Vitamins are
Organic molecules needed for enzyme function that we either can’t make or can’t make enough
How many amino acids must be in our diet
Half of amino acids must be in our diet and the other half we can make ourselves
Vitamin A
It is used for vision
Deficiency causes night blindness
Vitamin a is found in carrots broccoli squash Sweet potatoes leafy vegetables liver eggs butter fish cheese
Thiamine- B 1
Is needed for decarboxylation reactions
Deficiency causes Beri Beri, edema, heart failure, wernicke Korsakoff(alcoholism)
Found in cereal grains beans nuts milk brewers yeast
Riboflavin B2
It is needed for FADH2
FAD helps makes ATP
Deficiency causes dermatitis and tongue inflammation
Found in milk meat wheat green veggies fish
Niacin B3
Needed for NADH
NAD H helps make ATP
Deficiency causes pellagra-diarrhea and dermatitis and dementia and death
Found in milk meat tomato turnip greens collards
Pantothenic acid B 5
Needed for CoA formation
CoA is Acetyl carrier
Deficiency causes emotional problems and gastrointestinal disturbances
Sound in liver eggs yeast and milk
Pyridoxal Doxil phosphate B6
Needed for amino acid deamination
Deficiency causes dermatitis apathy irritability susceptibility to infections and convulsions in infants
Found in eggs and liver and east and peas and beans and milk
Biotin B7
Needed for carboxylation’s and synthesis of fats
Deficiency causes dermatitis
Caused by eating raw eggs -avidin protein
Folic acid B8
Needed for heme synthesis and nucleic acid bases and one carbon transfers
Deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defect
Cyanocobalamine B12
Needed for odd fatty acid and Folic acid’s
Deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia
Ascorbic acid vitamin C
Needed for collagen formation
Deficiency causes scurvy
Calciferol vitamin D
Needed for calcium absorption
Deficiency causes rickets
a- Tocopherol vitamin E
Needed for antioxidant activity
Deficiency causes sterility, muscular dystrophy and I damage and brain lesions
Phylloquinone. Vitamin K
Needed for blood clotting
Deficiency causes hemorrhage
Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamins ADEK
Water-soluble vitamins
Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin B6 Pantothenic acid Biotin Folic acid B12 Vitamin c
Trace elements
12
Found in diet small amount
Mg V Cr Mo Mn Fe Co Ni Zn Se Cu I
Bulk elements
10
H Na K Ca C N O P S Cl
Fluoride
Fluoride deficiency causes cavities
High fluoride causes modeling
Iron deficiency
Needed for hemes and cytochrome
Deficiency causes anemia and fatigue
Iodine deficiency
Needed for thyroid hormone synthesis
Deficiency causes goiters
Differentiate between catabolism and anabolism
Catabolism breaks down molecules and anabolism synthesizes molecules
How many calories are released in the metabolism of carbohydrates
4 kcal/g
How many calories are released in the metabolism of ethanol
7 kcal/g
How many calories are released from the metabolism of protein
4 kcal/g
How many calories are released from the metabolism of fats
9 kcal/g
List the fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins ADEK
Proteins are used for
Structural support Motor activity Enzymes Receptors Transport
