Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > Chapter 1 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Review Flashcards

0
Q

Proteins catabolize into

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

The primary molecule that transfers energy in the cell is

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Complex carbs break down into

A

Simple sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Triglycerides break down into

A

3 Fatty acids and glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How much energy does protein container

A

4kcal/ g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How much energy do carbs contain

A

4kcal/g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How much energy do fats contain

A

9kcal/g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How much energy does alcohol contain

A

7 kcal/g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is catabolism?

A

It is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules

Releases energy as ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is anabolism?

A

It is putting small molecules together to form big molecules

Uses energy as ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why are proteins hetero polymers

A

They contain 20 different amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you proteins breakdown

A

Proteins break amide bonds (in stomach and intestines) and turn into separate amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Glycogen is what macromolecule

A

Carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Glycogen is a polymer and breaks down into what monomer

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a covalent bond

A

It is a bond where the electrons are shared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Most fats are stored as

A

Triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Triglycerides break down into what different parts

A

Glycerol- which has three carbon backbone

3 fatty acids- Palmitate (saturated)
Stearate (saturated)
Oleate (unsaturated- one carbon double bond/ alkene)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When proteins are digested they are broken down into free

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which one of the following molecules is considered to be a macromolecule

A

Protein

Complex carbohydrate

Triglycerides

DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What three fuels do we consume?

A

Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What three other nutritional requirements do we consume but get no calories from

A

Vitamins
Minerals
Water

We need these in order to be able to break down the fuels that we consume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Xenobiotics

A

Non-nutrient chemicals such as toxins that we need to excrete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Most of our reserve energy is what

A

Fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is glycogen the most important reserve energy

A

Our brain and red blood cells use glucose almost exclusively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Glycogen is used to store sugar where

A

Primarily in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is used only by the muscle and has .4%

A

Muscle glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where is glycogen stored and used primarily for the brain

A

Liver glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is used primarily by muscle but only during aerobic exercise

Hints this is the biggest storage of energy

A

Fat 15kg (85%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is used during starvation

A

Protein 6 Kg 14.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why is energy mostly stored in fat instead of glycogen

A

That is a very dense way of storing energy because adipose tissue has a small amount of water and glycogen contains four times the amount of water than it does glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why does glycogen bind to four times as much water

A

Glycogen is polar with a hydroxyl group so it will bind with four times as much water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a type of homopolymer

A

Starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Men need at least how much body fat

A

3%

33
Q

Women need at least how much body fat

A

10-12%

34
Q

What is the BMI average, ideal and obese numbers

A

Average is 20-25
Ideal 18-24.9
Obese over 30

35
Q

What is the BMI formula

A

BMI= weight(kg)/height (m) ^2.

=704x lbs/Height (in) ^2

36
Q

What is basal metabolic rate

A

BMR- Energy expenditure needed to maintain basic physiological function

BMR=24x body weight in kg

Lbs/2.2=kg

37
Q

Factors that affect the BMR

A 
Gender
Body temperature
Environment temperature
Thyroid status
Pregnancy and lactation
Age
Diet induced thermogenesis
38
Q

What is the daily energy expenditure (DEE) formula

A

BMR+ physical activity (24hrs)

(Kg weight/24)+ physical activity

39
Q

How many calories would we have to drop from our caloric intake in order to lose 2 pounds a week

A

1000kcal/day

40
Q

1 lb of fat =

A

3500 kcal

41
Q

Coke has how many calories

A

100 kcal/ 8 oz

42
Q

Why is eliminating carbohydrates from your diet a bad idea

A

People on low sugar diet tend to eat too many calories of fat which can lead to cardiovascular problems

43
Q

What percentage of carbohydrate should be in our diet

A

30-40%

44
Q

What are the dietary fiber pros and cons

A

Pros: it is associated with lower cholesterol and colon cancer rates

Cons: it is a complex carbohydrate but we can’t digest it and therefore it has no dietary calories

45
Q

Are saturated fatty acid and cholesterol needed in our diet

A

No because we can make our own

46
Q

Why are unsaturated fat essential

A

Essential fatty acid are ones that we can’t make on our own so they must be in our diet

47
Q

Four very important essential fatty acids

A

a-linoleic: omega 6 from plants
a-linilenic: omega 3 from plants
Eicosapentaenoic acid: omega 3 fish
Docosahexaenoic acid: omega 3 fish

48
Q

Specific amino acid deficiencies

A

Vegetarian diets that consist mainly of wheat corn rice tend to be deficient in lysine

Beans lentils and other legumes low in the methionine

49
Q

How many amino acids are essential nutrients

A

9-11 of the 20 amino acids are essential

50
Q

Amino acids also serve as what

A

Nitrogen source for nonessential amino acid’s for nucleic acid and other nitrogen containing molecules such as hemes

51
Q

What are the essential nutrients for protein function

A

Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Water

52
Q

Vitamins are

A

Organic molecules needed for enzyme function that we either can’t make or can’t make enough

53
Q

How many amino acids must be in our diet

A

Half of amino acids must be in our diet and the other half we can make ourselves

54
Q

Vitamin A

A

It is used for vision

Deficiency causes night blindness

Vitamin a is found in carrots broccoli squash Sweet potatoes leafy vegetables liver eggs butter fish cheese

55
Q

Thiamine- B 1

A

Is needed for decarboxylation reactions

Deficiency causes Beri Beri, edema, heart failure, 
wernicke Korsakoff(alcoholism)

Found in cereal grains beans nuts milk brewers yeast

56
Q

Riboflavin B2

A

It is needed for FADH2

FAD helps makes ATP

Deficiency causes dermatitis and tongue inflammation

Found in milk meat wheat green veggies fish

57
Q

Niacin B3

A

Needed for NADH

NAD H helps make ATP

Deficiency causes pellagra-diarrhea and dermatitis and dementia and death

Found in milk meat tomato turnip greens collards

58
Q

Pantothenic acid B 5

A

Needed for CoA formation

CoA is Acetyl carrier

Deficiency causes emotional problems and gastrointestinal disturbances

Sound in liver eggs yeast and milk

59
Q

Pyridoxal Doxil phosphate B6

A

Needed for amino acid deamination

Deficiency causes dermatitis apathy irritability susceptibility to infections and convulsions in infants

Found in eggs and liver and east and peas and beans and milk

60
Q

Biotin B7

A

Needed for carboxylation’s and synthesis of fats

Deficiency causes dermatitis

Caused by eating raw eggs -avidin protein

61
Q

Folic acid B8

A

Needed for heme synthesis and nucleic acid bases and one carbon transfers

Deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defect

62
Q

Cyanocobalamine B12

A

Needed for odd fatty acid and Folic acid’s

Deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia

63
Q

Ascorbic acid vitamin C

A

Needed for collagen formation

Deficiency causes scurvy

64
Q

Calciferol vitamin D

A

Needed for calcium absorption

Deficiency causes rickets

65
Q

a- Tocopherol vitamin E

A

Needed for antioxidant activity

Deficiency causes sterility, muscular dystrophy and I damage and brain lesions

66
Q

Phylloquinone. Vitamin K

A

Needed for blood clotting

Deficiency causes hemorrhage

67
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins ADEK

68
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A 
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
B6
Pantothenic acid
Biotin
Folic acid
B12
Vitamin c
69
Q

Trace elements

12
Found in diet small amount

A 
Mg
V
Cr
Mo
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Zn
Se
Cu
I
70
Q

Bulk elements

10

A 
H
Na
K
Ca
C
N
O
P
S
Cl
71
Q

Fluoride

A

Fluoride deficiency causes cavities

High fluoride causes modeling

72
Q

Iron deficiency

A

Needed for hemes and cytochrome

Deficiency causes anemia and fatigue

73
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

Needed for thyroid hormone synthesis

Deficiency causes goiters

74
Q

Differentiate between catabolism and anabolism

A

Catabolism breaks down molecules and anabolism synthesizes molecules

75
Q

How many calories are released in the metabolism of carbohydrates

A

4 kcal/g

76
Q

How many calories are released in the metabolism of ethanol

A

7 kcal/g

77
Q

How many calories are released from the metabolism of protein

A

4 kcal/g

78
Q

How many calories are released from the metabolism of fats

A

9 kcal/g

79
Q

List the fat-soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins ADEK

80
Q

Proteins are used for

A 
Structural support
Motor activity 
Enzymes
Receptors
Transport

Biochemistry (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions