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Biochemistry > 2Rings And Variants > Flashcards

2Rings And Variants Flashcards

0
Q

Ketone + alcohol

A

Hemiketal

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1
Q

Aldehyde + alcohol

A

Hemiacetal

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2
Q

Which two groups react to form a hemiacetal on the glucose molecule?

A

The alcohol on carbon #5 and the aldehyde of carbon#1 react since they are closest to rah other and form the ring.

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3
Q

Alpha Hemiactetal is due to:

A

The OH group pointing down on carbon #1

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4
Q

Beta Hemiacetal is due to:

A

The OH group is pointing up

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5
Q

What form is 99% of glucose in?

A

Ring structure alpha or beta

Mostly the beta conformation

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6
Q

Which of the following is an anomeric pair?

Differs only in configuration at hemiacetal or hemiketal carbon

A

Alpha-D-glucose and Beta-D- glucose

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7
Q

Glucose is the oxidizing sugar that is reduced into:

A

D-Glucitol

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8
Q

Glucose turns into Glucitol by:

A

Reducing an aldehyde into an alcohol on c#1

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9
Q

Glucose turns into gluconate by:

A

Oxidizing the aldehyde group to Carboxylic acid…this would be oxidized sugar

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10
Q

Sugars that can undergo oxidation are called:

A

Reducing sugars

Diabetes test: copper turned brick red with urine…copper was reduced because the sugar became oxidized

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11
Q

Sugars with aldehyde groups are…

A

Reducing sugars

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12
Q

Oxidizing sugar

A

Oxidizes other substances and gains electrons so the oxidation state will decrease.

The oxidize sugar will gain oxygen and release hydrogen.

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13
Q

Reducing sugar

A

The aldehyde functional group allows the sugar to act as a reducing agent. You aldehyde can be oxidized via a redox reaction in which another compound is reduced. Thus, a reducing sugars one that reduces certain chemicals.

The reducing sugar will gain hydrogen and lose oxygen

Glucose turns into gluconate

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14
Q

Fructose is a _____ sugar

A

Fructose can be a reducing sugar because it can isomerize to glucose or mannose, this happens very slowly at room or body temperature but it is very rapid when heated in the test tube.

Can rearrange to be a reducing sugar.

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15
Q

D-glucose is called a reducing sugar because it undergoes an oxidation – reduction reaction at the anomeric carbon. What are the products of this reaction is:

A

D-glauconate

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16
Q

D- Ribose structure

A 
H       O
     \     //
 H-  C - OH
        l
H-   C -OH
        l
H-    C-OH
        l
   CH2OH
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17
Q

Deoxy-D- Ribose

*deoxy

A

Removed OH on C#2

  H     O
   \     //
       C
       l
H-   C- H
       l
H-   C- OH
       l
H-   C- OH
       l
CH2OH
18
Q

Oxidized sugars

A

Beta-D- Glucoronate
Carboxylic acid on carbon #6

D-Gluconate
Oxidize carbon #1 and Carboxylic acid where aldehyde used to be and can form ring

D-Glucono-S- lactone
Ring formed from Carboxylic acid on carbon #1

19
Q

Glucuronates are very useful in helping to excrete:

A

Less than water soluble molecules

They increase water solubility of target molecules to facilitate excretion from the body.

Ex: Bilirubin- a break down product from heme and can conjugate to Glucoronate to increase water solubility

20
Q

Direct Bilirubin

A

It is water-soluble in a conjugated form that is attached to two glucuronates to the Bilirubin molecule

21
Q

Indirect Bilirubin

A

It is the non-conjugated form that is usually found bound to albumin in the blood

22
Q

Oxidize sugars are also known as

A

Acidic sugars

23
Q

Modified acidic sugar:

A

NANA

N-Acetylneuramibic acid

24
Q

Amino sugars:

A

Has nitrogens instead of oxygens on the sugar rings.

Ex: Beta-D- Galactosamine
Has NH2 in position #2

and Beta-D- Mannosamine
Has mannose in N #2

25
Q

Common sugar abbreviations

A 
Fructose. Fru 
Galactose. Gal
Glucose  Glc
mannose  man 
ribose. Rib
Glucuronic acid. GlcA
Galactosamine. GalN
Glucosamine. GlcN
N-acetyl galactose amine. GalNAc
N-acetyl glucosamine GlcNAc
26
Q

Which of the following monosaccharides is not a carboxylic acid?

A

Glucose

27
Q

Which of the following is anomeric pair?

Same structure but OH group flipped to opposite sides

A

Alpha-D- glucose and Beta-D-glucose

28
Q

Which of the following sugars contain a Ketone?

A

Fructose

29
Q

Which seven of the following sugars are monosaccharides?

A 
Galactose
Ribose
Glyceraldehyde
Glucuronate
Mannose
Glucose
Fructose
30
Q

Which of the following sugars contains only glucose?

A

Maltose

31
Q

Which of the following sugars would test negative to the reducing sugar test?

A

Sucrose

32
Q

What is the configuration of D – glyceraldehyde?

A

R

33
Q

Which of the following is a five carbon sugar?

A

Ribose

34
Q

Which of the following is an epimer of glucose?

A

Mannose

35
Q

Fructose contains which of the following functional groups?

A

Keytone and alcohol

36
Q

If a urine sample of a diabetic patient has copper (II) nitrate added to it, is heated and as a result a brick red precipitate forms, what most likely happened?

A

Glucose is oxidized

37
Q

The reduced form of glucose is named?

A

Sorbitol

38
Q

When glucose forms a ring, what happened?

A

One of the alcohol groups reacted with the aldehyde

39
Q

Which of the following is contains glucose (Alpha 1–4) bond?

A

Maltose

Amylose

40
Q

The enzyme lactase, found in our intestine, breaks which type of bond?

A

Gal( beta1-4)

41
Q

Which of the following bond is found in glycogen?

A

Glu(alpha1-6)

Glu(alpha 1-4)

42
Q

What is another biochemical name for repeating disaccharide?

A

Glycan

Biochemistry (18 decks)

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