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PAM Bootcamp > Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Name of the main elements of the body and which 4 are most found?

A

Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen (main ones), calcium, phosphorous

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2
Q

Inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed up food chain to humans

A

Minerals

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3
Q

What are the main aspects of minerals

A
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4
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances that ionize (form ions) in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric current

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5
Q

What is the importance of electrolytes?

A
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6
Q

____ is one of the most important considerations in patient care ( imbalances can lead to coma or cardiac arrest

A

Electrolyte balance

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7
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

Except for the first shell which is full the two electrons, atoms interact in a manner to have eight electrons in their outermost energy level (valene shell)

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8
Q

Electrons occupy up to ____ electron shells (energy levels) around nucleus

A

Seven

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9
Q

What are the chemically reactive elements?

A
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10
Q

Explain single covalent bonds

A

The result of two atoms sharing two electrons to form a chemical bond

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11
Q

Double covalent bonds

A

The bond that is formed by sharing of two electron pairs between two atoms in which each atom contributes two electrons

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12
Q

A Cation is?

A

a positve ion

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13
Q

A anion is a?

A

negative ion

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14
Q

What is an Ion?

A

atom with unequal number of protons to electrons

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15
Q

Ions are formed by ____ of valence shell electrons between atoms

A

transfer

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16
Q

attraction of opposite charges results in an?

A

ionic bond

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17
Q

List the chemical bonds fro strongest to weakest.

A
  1. Triple covalent
  2. Double covalent
  3. single covalent
  4. ionic bonds
  5. hydrogen
  6. van der walls
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18
Q

Electrons shared equally (strongest bond)

A

Nonpolar bond

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19
Q

Electrons shared unequally (spend more time near oxygen)

A

Polar bonds

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20
Q

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom (electropositive) in a molecule and a slightly negative (elecronegative) oxygen or nitrogen atom in another

A

Hydrogen Bonds

21
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom (electropositive) in a molecule and a slightly negative (elecronegative) oxygen or nitrogen atom in another

22
Q

Water molecules are attracted to each other by ____

A

Hydrogen Bonds

23
Q

DNA and proteins are shaped by____ within them

A

Hydrogen bonds

24
Q

List and explain the three chemical reactions

A
25
Q

Reaction that can go in either direction under different circumstances

A

Reversible Reaction

26
Q

What is the reversible reaction formula

A
27
Q

The reversible chemical reaction is important in which systems

A

respiratory, urinary, digestive

28
Q

What is the law of mass action?

A
29
Q

all chemical reactions of the body

A

Metabolism

30
Q

Catabolism

A
31
Q

Anabolism

A
32
Q

Catabolism and anabolism are ___

A

inseparably linked

33
Q

what is anabolism driven by?

A

Energy released by catabolism

34
Q

Ability to dissolve other chemicals

A

solvency

35
Q

What is the universal solvent?

A

Water

36
Q

Substances that dissolve in water?
Substances that do not dissolve in water?

A
37
Q

What do metabolic reactions depend on?

A

solvency of water

38
Q

Explain dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reaction.

A
39
Q

_ + _ = solution

A

Solute + Solvent

40
Q

A measure of the solute of a solution

A

Osmolarity

41
Q

What detects where water goes in the body?

A

Sodium

42
Q

The negative logarithm of [H+] in moles/liter

A

pH

43
Q

What is a the pH of a neutral solution and and example?

A

pH is 7
pure water is a neutral solution

44
Q
A
45
Q

A change of one number on the pH scale represents a ____ change in concentration.

A

10 fold

46
Q

What is an example of 10 fold change in pH?

A
47
Q

pH change can interfere with?

A

with cell function and may damage living tissue
slight change in pH can be fatal

48
Q

What is pH regulated by?

A

Kidneys, lungs, and buffers

49
Q

What are buffers?

A

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