Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Flashcards
Name of the main elements of the body and which 4 are most found?
Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen (main ones), calcium, phosphorous
Inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed up food chain to humans
Minerals
What are the main aspects of minerals
Electrolytes
Substances that ionize (form ions) in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric current
What is the importance of electrolytes?
____ is one of the most important considerations in patient care ( imbalances can lead to coma or cardiac arrest
Electrolyte balance
What is the octet rule?
Except for the first shell which is full the two electrons, atoms interact in a manner to have eight electrons in their outermost energy level (valene shell)
Electrons occupy up to ____ electron shells (energy levels) around nucleus
Seven
What are the chemically reactive elements?
Explain single covalent bonds
The result of two atoms sharing two electrons to form a chemical bond
Double covalent bonds
The bond that is formed by sharing of two electron pairs between two atoms in which each atom contributes two electrons
A Cation is?
a positve ion
A anion is a?
negative ion
What is an Ion?
atom with unequal number of protons to electrons
Ions are formed by ____ of valence shell electrons between atoms
transfer
attraction of opposite charges results in an?
ionic bond
List the chemical bonds fro strongest to weakest.
- Triple covalent
- Double covalent
- single covalent
- ionic bonds
- hydrogen
- van der walls
Electrons shared equally (strongest bond)
Nonpolar bond
Electrons shared unequally (spend more time near oxygen)
Polar bonds
A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom (electropositive) in a molecule and a slightly negative (elecronegative) oxygen or nitrogen atom in another
Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom (electropositive) in a molecule and a slightly negative (elecronegative) oxygen or nitrogen atom in another
Water molecules are attracted to each other by ____
Hydrogen Bonds
DNA and proteins are shaped by____ within them
Hydrogen bonds
List and explain the three chemical reactions
Reaction that can go in either direction under different circumstances
Reversible Reaction
What is the reversible reaction formula
The reversible chemical reaction is important in which systems
respiratory, urinary, digestive
What is the law of mass action?
all chemical reactions of the body
Metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism
Catabolism and anabolism are ___
inseparably linked
what is anabolism driven by?
Energy released by catabolism
Ability to dissolve other chemicals
solvency
What is the universal solvent?
Water
Substances that dissolve in water?
Substances that do not dissolve in water?
What do metabolic reactions depend on?
solvency of water
Explain dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reaction.
_ + _ = solution
Solute + Solvent
A measure of the solute of a solution
Osmolarity
What detects where water goes in the body?
Sodium
The negative logarithm of [H+] in moles/liter
pH
What is a the pH of a neutral solution and and example?
pH is 7
pure water is a neutral solution
A change of one number on the pH scale represents a ____ change in concentration.
10 fold
What is an example of 10 fold change in pH?
pH change can interfere with?
with cell function and may damage living tissue
slight change in pH can be fatal
What is pH regulated by?
Kidneys, lungs, and buffers
What are buffers?
