Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life

Question 1

Name of the main elements of the body and which 4 are most found?

Answer 1

Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen (main ones), calcium, phosphorous

Question 2

Inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed up food chain to humans

Answer 2

Minerals

Question 3

What are the main aspects of minerals

Answer 3

Question 4

Electrolytes

Answer 4

Substances that ionize (form ions) in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric current

Question 5

What is the importance of electrolytes?

Answer 5

Question 6

____ is one of the most important considerations in patient care ( imbalances can lead to coma or cardiac arrest

Answer 6

Electrolyte balance

Question 7

What is the octet rule?

Answer 7

Except for the first shell which is full the two electrons, atoms interact in a manner to have eight electrons in their outermost energy level (valene shell)

Question 8

Electrons occupy up to ____ electron shells (energy levels) around nucleus

Answer 8

Seven

Question 9

What are the chemically reactive elements?

Answer 9

Question 10

Explain single covalent bonds

Answer 10

The result of two atoms sharing two electrons to form a chemical bond

Question 11

Double covalent bonds

Answer 11

The bond that is formed by sharing of two electron pairs between two atoms in which each atom contributes two electrons

Question 12

A Cation is?

Answer 12

a positve ion

Question 13

A anion is a?

Answer 13

negative ion

Question 14

What is an Ion?

Answer 14

atom with unequal number of protons to electrons

Question 15

Ions are formed by ____ of valence shell electrons between atoms

Answer 15

transfer

Question 16

attraction of opposite charges results in an?

Answer 16

ionic bond

Question 17

List the chemical bonds fro strongest to weakest.

Answer 17

1. Triple covalent
2. Double covalent
3. single covalent
4. ionic bonds
5. hydrogen
6. van der walls

Question 18

Electrons shared equally (strongest bond)

Answer 18

Nonpolar bond

Question 19

Electrons shared unequally (spend more time near oxygen)

Answer 19

Polar bonds

Question 20

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom (electropositive) in a molecule and a slightly negative (elecronegative) oxygen or nitrogen atom in another

Answer 20

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 21

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 21

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom (electropositive) in a molecule and a slightly negative (elecronegative) oxygen or nitrogen atom in another

Question 22

Water molecules are attracted to each other by ____

Answer 22

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 23

DNA and proteins are shaped by____ within them

Answer 23

Hydrogen bonds

Question 24

List and explain the three chemical reactions

Answer 24

Question 25

Reaction that can go in either direction under different circumstances

Answer 25

Reversible Reaction

Question 26

What is the reversible reaction formula

Answer 26

Question 27

The reversible chemical reaction is important in which systems

Answer 27

respiratory, urinary, digestive

Question 28

What is the law of mass action?

Answer 28

Question 29

all chemical reactions of the body

Answer 29

Metabolism

Question 30

Catabolism

Answer 30

Question 31

Anabolism

Answer 31

Question 32

Catabolism and anabolism are ___

Answer 32

inseparably linked

Question 33

what is anabolism driven by?

Answer 33

Energy released by catabolism

Question 34

Ability to dissolve other chemicals

Answer 34

solvency

Question 35

What is the universal solvent?

Answer 35

Water

Question 36

Substances that dissolve in water? Substances that do not dissolve in water?

Answer 36

Question 37

What do metabolic reactions depend on?

Answer 37

solvency of water

Question 38

Explain dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reaction.

Answer 38

Question 39

_ + _ = solution

Answer 39

Solute + Solvent

Question 40

A measure of the solute of a solution

Answer 40

Osmolarity

Question 41

What detects where water goes in the body?

Answer 41

Sodium

Question 42

The negative logarithm of [H+] in moles/liter

Answer 42

pH

Question 43

What is a the pH of a neutral solution and and example?

Answer 43

pH is 7 pure water is a neutral solution

Question 45

A change of one number on the pH scale represents a ____ change in concentration.

Answer 45

10 fold

Question 46

What is an example of 10 fold change in pH?

Answer 46

Question 47

pH change can interfere with?

Answer 47

with cell function and may damage living tissue slight change in pH can be fatal

Question 48

What is pH regulated by?

Answer 48

Kidneys, lungs, and buffers

Question 49

What are buffers?

Answer 49