Chapter 12 Nervous System Flashcards by Linda Hammad

What are the two subdivisions of the Nervous System?

CNS and PNS

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Explain the breakdown and the components of the nervous sytem?

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In the PNS what are the components of the afferent and effernt pathways?

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One axon and multiple dendrites

multipolar neuron

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What is the most common neuron in the CNS?

multipolar neuron

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Identify this type of neuron

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Identify this type of neuron

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Identify this type of neuron

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one axon and one dendrite

Bipolar neuron

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Bipolar neurons can be found where?

Olfactory cells, retina, inner ear

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Single process leading away from neurosoma

Unipolar neuron

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Unipolar neurons can be found where?

sensory cells from skin and organs to spinal cord

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many dendrites but no axon

anaxonic neuron

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Where are anaxonic neuorns found?

Retina, brain, and adrenal gland

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What are the four types of glia that occur in the CNS?

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Form myelin sheaths in CNS that speed signal conduction

Oligodendrocytes

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Line internal cavities of the brain; secretes and circulates CSF

Ependymal cells

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wander through CNS looking for debris and damage (protective)

microglia

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Ependymal cells secrete and circulate ____

CSF

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covering brain surface and most nonsynaptic regions of neuron in the gray matter, serving many diverse functions

astrocytes

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What is the most abundant glia cell in the CNS?

Astrocytes

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What are the cells found in the PNS?

Schwann and Satellite Cells

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What are the characteristics of a Schwann cell?

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What are the characteristics of a Satellite Cell?

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Schwann cells produce a _____

myelin sheath

The speed of the nerve impulse depends on? and how?

What is the slowest and fastest fiber? and where are they located?

A difference in concentration of charged particles between one point and another

Electrical potential

What is the resting membrane potential?

(-) 70 mv

Living cells are ___ and have a ____

polarized and a resting membrane potential

Cells have more __ particles on inside of membrane than outside

negative

A flow of charged particles from one point to another

Electrical current

In the body, currents are movements of __, such as or through channels in the plasma membrane

ions

What is the electrical current function in the cell?

Chloride opens __ potential channels and inhibits ___ and causes ___-

chloride, action potential, hyperpolarization

Explain the build up of the resting membrane potential.

Explain the sodium potassium pump

The sodium potassium pump maintains?

Resting membrane potential

The plasma membrane is ____ at rest there is a difference in _____ across the membrane

polarized, potential

Explain the changes that can be made to the membrane potential

These ion channels will open when a specific ligand binds to the receptor connected to the channel

Ligand-gated ion channels

____can bind and cause opening of certain ion channels in the plasma membrane allowing ions to travel into and out of the cell

ligands

chemicals that bind to a receptor

ligands

The change made in the membrane potential form the ions traveling in and out of the cell

local (or graded) potential

_____ and ___ have an abundance of ligand gated ion channels

dendrites and soma

a dramatic change in membrane polarity produced by voltage gated ion channels

action potential

action potential is a dramatic change in membrane polarity produced by __________

voltage gated ion channels

___ has an abundance of voltage gated ion channels

axon (especially axon hillock)

Voltage gated channels open and close at a specific ____

membrane voltage

If the stimulus makes the condition at the ____ reach the threshold stimulusof _ then an ___ will travel down the whole __

axon hillock, -55mv, action potential, axon

The action potential is measured along the ?

axon

Explain the reaction of the sodium and potassium channel during an action potential

Explain the absolute and relative refractory periods

During an action potential and for a few milliseconds after, it is _____ to stimulate that region of a neuron again

difficult or impossible

Chain reaction continues until the nerve signal reaches the end of the axon

continuous conduction

Unmyelinated fibers use what kind of conduction?

continous conduction

conduct signals with saltatory conduction (signal appears to jump from node to node)

conduction in a myelinated fiber

Myelinated fibers conduct signals with ____

saltatory conduction

contain many voltage gated ion channels

nodes of ranvier

ensure the action potential continues in the correct direct, away from the axon hillock towards the axon terminals

Refractory Period

Explain Synaptic transmission

What are the four major chemical categories neurotransmitters fall into?

molecules that are released when a signal reaches a synaptic knob that binds to a receptor on another cell and alter that cell's physiology

neurotransmitters