chapter 2 Flashcards by Rebecca Stoner

anabolism

process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acid

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catabolism

process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released

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cell membrane

structure surrounding and protecting the cell

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chromosomes

rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA

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cytoplasm

all of the material that is outside the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane

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DNA

chemical found within each chromosome

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endoplasmic reticulum

network of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell

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genes

regions of DNA within each chromosome

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karyotype

picture of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell

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metabolism

total of the chemical processes in a cell

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mitochondria

structures in the cytoplasm that provide the principle source of energy

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nucleus

control center of the cell

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digestive system

mouth, pharyx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra,

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reproductive system female

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary gland

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reproductive system male

testes, associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland

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respiratory system

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tube, lungs,

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endocrine system

thyroid gland, pituitary gland, sex glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands

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nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves, collection of nerves

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circulatory system

heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nodes, spleen, thymus gland

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musculoskeletal system

muscles, bones, joints

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skin and sense organs

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands,

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adipose tissue

collection of fat cells

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cartilage

flexible connective tissue often attached to bones at joints

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epithelial cells

skin cells that cover the outside of the body line the internal surface of organs

histologist

specialist in the study of tissues

larynx

voice box

pharynx

throat

pituitary gland

endocrine gland at the base of the brain

thyroid gland

endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck

trachea

windpipe

ureter

one of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder

urethra

tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

uterus

womb

viscera

internal organs

abdominal cavity

space below the chest containing organs such as liver, stomach, gallbladder, intestines

cranial cavity

space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull

diaphragm

muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities

dorsal

pertaining to the back

mediastinum

centrally located space outside of and between the lungs

pelvic cavity

space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines

peritoneum

double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity

pleura

double-folded membrane surrounding each lung

pleural cavity

space between the pleural layers

spinal cavity

space within the spinal column containing the spinal cord

thoracic cavity

space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus,

ventral

pertaining to the front

hypochondriac

right and left upper regions beneath the ribs

epigastric

middle upper region above the stomach

lumbar

right and left middle regions near the waist

umbilical

central region near the navel

inguinal

right and left lower regions near the groin

hypogastric

middle lower region below the umbilical region

cervical

neck region

thoracic

chest region

lumbar

loin region

sacral

region of the sacrum

coccygeal

region of the coccyx

vertebra

single backbone

vertebrae

backbones

spinal column

bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity

spinal cord

nervous tissue within the spinal cavity

disk

pad of cartilage between vertebrae

front surface of the body

deep

away from the surface

distal

far from the point of attachment to the trunk

frontal plane

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

inferior

below another structure

lateral

pertaining to the side

medial

pertaining to the middle or near the medial plane of the body

posterior

back surface of the body

prone

lying on the belly

proximal

near the point of attachment to the trunk

sagittal

lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides

superficial

on the surface

superior

above another structer

supine

lying on the back

transverse plane

horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions

abdomin/o

abdomen

adip/o

fat

anter/o

front

cervic/o

neck

chondr/o

cartilage

chrom/o

color

coccyg/o

coccyx

crani/o

skull

cyt/o

cell

dist/o

far, distant

dors/o

back portion of the body

hist/o

tissue

ili/o

ilium

inguin/o

groin

kary/o

nucleus

later/o

side

lumb/o

lower back

medi/o

middle

nucle/o

nucleus

pelv/i

pelvis

poster/o

back, behind

proxim/o

nearest

sacr/o

sacrum

sarc/o

flesh

spin/o

spine, backbone

thel/o

nipple

thorac/o

chest

trache/o

trachea, windpipe

umbilic/o

navel, umbilicus

ventr/o

belly side of the body

vertebr/o

vertebra

viscer/o

internal organs

ana

cata

down

epi

above

hypo

below

inter

between

intra

within