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Bio 1060 Medical term > chapter 10 > Flashcards

chapter 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

acetycholine

A

neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells

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2
Q

afferent nerve

A

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

middle layer of the three membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

astrocyte

A

type of glial cell that transports water and salts from capillaries

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5
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs

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6
Q

axon

A

microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell

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7
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

protective separation between the blood and brain cells

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8
Q

brainstem

A

posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord

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9
Q

causa equina

A

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

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10
Q

cell body

A

part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus

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11
Q

central nervous system

A

the brain and the spinal cord

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12
Q

cerebellum

A

posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance

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13
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer region of the cerebrum containing sheets of nerve cell

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14
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

cerbrum

A

largest part of the brain, vision, speech, taste, hearing, memory

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16
Q

cranial nerves

A

twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck

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17
Q

dendrite

A

microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse

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18
Q

dura mater

A

thick outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

efferent nerve

A

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

ependymal cell

A

glial cell that line membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid

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21
Q

ganglion

A

collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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22
Q

glial cell

A

supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses

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23
Q

gyrus

A

sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex

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24
Q

hypothalamus

A

portion of the brain beneath the thalamus, sleep, appetite, body temperature,

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25
Q

medulla oblongata

A

part of the brain just above the spinal cord, breathing, heartbeat, size of blood vessels

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26
Q

meninges

A

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

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27
Q

microglial cell

A

phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system

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28
Q

midbrain

A

uppermost portion of the brainstem

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29
Q

motor nerve

A

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs

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30
Q

myelin sheath

A

covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell

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31
Q

nerve

A

macroscopic cord like collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses

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32
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body

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33
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell

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34
Q

oligodendroglia cell

A

glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons

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35
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

involuntary autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing,

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36
Q

parenchyma

A

essential distinguishing tissue of any organ or system

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37
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

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38
Q

pia mater

A

thin delicate inner membrane of the meninges

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39
Q

plexus

A

large interlacing network of nerves

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40
Q

pons

A

part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain

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41
Q

receptor

A

organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves

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42
Q

sciatic nerve

A

nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg and foot

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43
Q

sensory nerve

A

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor

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44
Q

spinal nerves

A

thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord

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45
Q

stimulus

A

agent of change in the internal or external environment that evokes a response

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46
Q

stroma

A

connective and supporting tissue of an organ

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47
Q

sulcus

A

depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex

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48
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in time of stress

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49
Q

synapse

A

space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscles or glandular cells

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50
Q

thalamus

A

main relay center of the brain

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51
Q

vagus nerve

A

tenth cranial nerve

52
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

53
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

54
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

55
Q

dur/o

A

dura mater

56
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

57
Q

gli/o

A

glial cells

58
Q

lept/o

A

thin, slender

59
Q

mening/o, meningi/o

A

membranes, meninges

60
Q

my/o

A

muscle

61
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord

62
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

63
Q

pont/o

A

pons

64
Q

radicul/o

A

nerve root

65
Q

thalam/o

A

thalamus

66
Q

thec/o

A

sheath

67
Q

vag/o

A

vagus nerve

68
Q

alges/o, -algesia

A

sensitivity to pain

69
Q

-algia

A

pain

70
Q

caus/o

A

burning

71
Q

comat/o

A

deep sleep

72
Q

esthesi/o, -esthesia

A

feeling, nervous sensation

73
Q

kines/o, kinesi/o, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic

A

movement

74
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

75
Q

lex/o

A

word, phrase

76
Q

-paresis

A

weakness

77
Q

-phasia

A

speech

78
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

79
Q

-praxia

A

action

80
Q

-sthenia

A

strenth

81
Q

syncop/o

A

to cut off

82
Q

tax/o

A

order, coordination

83
Q

hydrocephalus

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain

84
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts

85
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration, personality changes and impairment of daily functioning

86
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem

87
Q

epilepsy

A

chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity

88
Q

Huntington disease

A

hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movement and mental deterioration

89
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS

90
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles

91
Q

palsy

A

paralysis

92
Q

Parkinson disease

A

degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia occurring in later life and leading to tremor, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement

93
Q

Tourette syndrome

A

involuntary spasmodic twitching movement

94
Q

herpes zoster

A

viral infection affecting peripheral nerves

95
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges

96
Q

human immunodeficiency virus encephalophathy

A

brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS

97
Q

brain tumor

A

abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges

98
Q

cerebral concussion

A

type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head

99
Q

cerebral contusion

A

bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to the head

100
Q

cerebrovascular accident

A

disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain

101
Q

migraine

A

sever recurring unilateral vascular headache

102
Q

absence seizure

A

form of seizure consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surrounding

103
Q

aneurysm

A

enlarged weakened area in an arterial wall which may rupture leading to hemorrhage and CVA

104
Q

astrocytoma

A

malignant tumor of astrocytes

105
Q

aura

A

peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure

106
Q

dementia

A

mental decline and deterioration

107
Q

demyelination

A

destruction of myelin on axons of neurons

108
Q

dopamine

A

CNS neurotransmitter deficient in patient with Parkinson disease

109
Q

embolus

A

clot of material travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel

110
Q

gait

A

manner of walking

111
Q

ictal event

A

pertaining to sudden acute onset as with the convulsions of an epileptic seizure

112
Q

occlusion

A

blockage

113
Q

palliative

A

relieving symptoms but not curing them

114
Q

thymectomy

A

removal of the thymus gland

115
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

116
Q

tic

A

involuntary movement of a small group of muscles

117
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

major convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness

118
Q

cerebrospinal fluid analysis

A

sample of CSF are examined

119
Q

cerebral angiography

A

x-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessels in the brain after injection of contrast material

120
Q

computer tomography of the brain

A

computerized x-ray technique that generates multiple images of the brain and spinal cord

121
Q

magnetic resonance imaging

A

magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord

122
Q

positron emission tomography scan

A

radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells

123
Q

doppler ultrasound studies

A

sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries

124
Q

electroencephalography

A

recording to the electrical activity of the brain

125
Q

lumbar puncture

A

CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis

126
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery

A

use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain

Bio 1060 Medical term (18 decks)

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