Chapter 19 - Operating Aerial Apparatus Flashcards
Where tillered operations are required, the tiller operator and tractor operator should be _______________ and cross __________.
interchangeable / trained
p 675
Before an operator is considered qualified he or she should be capable of operating the device at difficult locations such as on _______, tight ________, or ________ _________.
hills / spaces / uneven surfaces
p 675
Study sessions and drills should include the following topics (as applicable):
- __________ and ________ on aerial devices
- Operating aerial ___________
- Operating under adverse ____________
- ________-_______ operations
- General ________ tenets for aerial devices
- Climbing and riding
- controls
- conditions
- Below-grade
- safety
p 675-676
It is essential that ______ ___________ equipment be available for any personnel who will be climbing the ladder or riding in the platform.
fall protection
p 676
Fall protection features on an aerial ladder include the __________, and on a platform include the _________ and _______.
handrails / railings and gates
p 676
Each operator on the device should be equipped with a fall restraint _________ _____ and ________.
ladder belt and tether
p 676
The ladder belt and tether should meet the requirements of NFPA ______.
NFPA 1983, Standard on Life Safety Rope and Equipment for Emergency Services
p 676
The fire department safety officer selects the ________ of the tether which must be consistent with the operations.
length
p 676
Personnel must be safely anchored to a structural feature of the ladder or platform:
- Any time they are not actively __________ or ____________ the ladder.
- Any time they are not actively __________ or __________ the platform.
- Any time the device is in _________.
- climbing or descending
- entering or exiting
- motion
p 676
Fall protection will only be useful if the tether is secured to a portion of the device that will support the ?
load imposed by a fall
p 676
Use only structural features of the ladder or platform for _______ ________ and never use a feature that will allow the clip to slide for more than a few _______.
anchor points / inches
p 676
Never anchor onto _______, ______, ________ or any other feature that is not a permanent structural element of the device.
cables, wires, lights
p 676
If you fall while tethered, you may hang without the ability to _______ back onto the device. People can only hang briefly before blood circulation is cut off and they begin to _____.
climb / die
p 676
Most ladder belts and tethers are not designed for _____-________. Prepare a plan that will ensure that personnel who become hung from safety ladder belts and tethers are rescued ______________.
self-rescue / immediately
p 677
__________ the device first before allowing personnel to climb or descend.
Position
p 677
Climb or descend carefully maintaining _______ ________ of contact with a structural feature at all times. Place feet on _______ only.
three points (one hand and two feet or two hands and one foot) / rungs
p 677
Anchor the safety tether to a structural feature any time you _______ in your climb.
pause
p 677
Never _______, _______, or ________ the device with people on the ladder unless they are securely attached to a structural feature of the ladder using an approved safety ladder belt and tether.
rotate, elevate, or lower
p 677
Never _______ or ________ the device with people on the ladder.
extend or retract
p 677
Extending and retracting the ladder creates ________ and ________ hazards as the rungs, handrails, and lattice-work of ladder sections move past each other.
pinch and crush
p 677
Modern platforms are equipped with railings and gates to improve the safety of personnel riding the basket, but railings are not ?
sufficient to protect occupants in adverse conditions
p 677
All personnel riding in the platform must be tethered to a ___________ feature of the platform or an approved ________ at all times.
structural / anchor
p 678
Anchor the tether as soon as you _______ the basket and only un-clip just prior to ___________. Never set the platform device in ________ unless all riders are securely tethered to the platform.
enter / leaving / motion
p 678
Anywhere wire rope (cable) comes close to or contact other mechanical parts such as pulleys, sheaves, roller guides, or structural features on the device, a ________ hazard exists.
pinch
p 678
Follow these safe practices during winch operations:
- Always stay clear of ______ _______ during winch operation
- Never touch wire rope while in ________ or under _______
- Never touch wire rope while someone else is at the _________ or during ____________.
- wire rope
- tension / load
- control / operation
p 678
Wire rope (cable), through use, will develop “_______” which can slice skin. Always wear protective _______ while handling the wire rope. Avoid _______ fitting clothes or anything that could become entangled in the wire rope and other moving parts.
“barbs” / gloves / loose
p 678
Keep in mind that the use of term such as “rotate right” or “rotate left” may be misinterpreted if the point of view is different between the person giving commands and the operator at the controls. If might be better to use commands such as ?
rotate clockwise (right) or rotate counter clockwise (left)
p 679
Operating aerial controls:
The D/O must know the following:
- ____________ of the apparatus
- Proper spotting ________
- Maximum _______ limits
- Safe __________ practices
- limitations
- angles
- load
- operating
p 679
Operating aerial controls:
If visual contact cannot be maintained then the operator must rely on a __________.
spotter
p 679
The primary control position for the aerial operator is at the __________ controls, usually located at the ___________.
lower / turntable
p 680
When working from the primary control position, the operator must practice the following:
- Be aware of the _________, _________, and __________ of personnel and equipment on the device.
- Monitor the wind, ice and water flow, ensuring not to exceed the ______ ________ limitations.
- Maintain _____-_____ ______________ with personnel at the tip or in the platform basket.
- Observe personnel on the turntable who are helping observe the situation or are waiting to ascend. Personnel should keep well clear or the ________ at all times.
- number, weight, and position
- load chart
- two-way communication
- ladder
p 680
The secondary control position is either at the ________ controls or controls in the __________ __________.
upper / platform basket
p 680
Any time there is a firefighter operating the secondary controls, there must also be a trained and authorized aerial operator at ?
the primary control position
p 680
The ____________ control operator performs the final positioning of the aerial ladder during rescue or other fire fighting operations.
secondary
p 680
When the tip control is used, the operator at the tip of the ladder needs to take the following precautions:
- Be aware of personnel who are on the ladder sections _________ them.
- Take care to place feet on the _______ at the _____ to avoid injury from moving ladder sections.
- Be __________ in position to protect against abrupt or unexpected ladder movements
- Be aware of impending water flow and monitor/tower __________.
- Be aware of ___________ hazards and other obstructions.
- behind
- steps / tip
- belted
- reaction
- electrical
p 680
Never place personnel at the tip or platform of the aerial device if the operations can be ?
accomplished without them being there
p 681
- Graphical or tabular description of the load that can be distributed on an aerial device based on factors such as extension, elevation, stabilizer set-up, wind, water flow, and ice load.
Load Chart
p 681
In addition to load charts, some aerial apparatus may have ____________ ______ monitoring or __________ control systems. These may be used to supplement the use of load charts during operations.
electronic load / envelope
p 682
Telescoping aerial devices include:
- __________ ladders
- _________ ________ platforms
- ___________ _________ platforms
- Telescoping ________ _________
- Aerial
- Aerial ladder
- Telescoping elevating
- water towers
p 682
__________ the telescoping aerial device means elevating the entire assembly from its stored position to a desired angle and useful position.
Raising
p 682
Raising the aerial device consists of a series of motions that includes __________, __________, ___________ and _________ the device to its objective.
elevating, rotating, extending and lowering
p 682
Operating telescoping aerial equipment:
Using one ________ at a time is recommended unless the situation is critical and the operator is qualified to operate the apparatus in that manner, or the apparatus is equipped with system that is designed for _______-______ operations.
motion / multi-use
p 682-683
When approaching the objective or nearing obstructions, the D/O should use _____ ________ at a time to move the aerial device.
one motion
p 683
Operating telescoping aerial equipment:
No ________ movements of the controls are permitted. Regardless of the skill of the operator, ______-________ operations should be minimized due to the large amount of dynamic stress placed upon the aerial device when the motion is _________.
rapid / full-speed / halted
p 683
The overall process of lowering the aerial device is typically the ___________ of the process used to place it into position.
reverse
p 683
There are two types of articulating aerial apparatus: ?
Each of these types has two or more sections called ________.
water towers and aerial platforms / booms
p 684
The _________ _________ is equipped with only a master stream nozzle at the end of the upper boom. It is not intended to lift ___________ or ____________.
water tower / firefighters or equipment
p 684
The _______ ___________ is equipped with a platform and a master stream nozzle and is designed to ________ firefighters and equipment.
aerial platform / carry
p 684
Articulating platforms should be operated __________ of the turntable.
forward
p 685
The operational speed of the aerial device is directly proportional to the amount the ?
control lever is pushed or pulled
p 685
Newer operators should avoid _____-_______ operations until they are very familiar with operations of the aerial device.
full-speed
p 685
Drivers of articulating aerial devices must be concerned about the ________ _______ between the two booms, as well as the __________ ______ of the device.
elbow joint / working ends
p 685
The __________ is of particular concern when operating at lower elevations. It is in this position that the __________ may be behind, above, or below the position of the aerial operator which makes visibility of that area more difficult.
knuckle / knuckle
p 685
- Joint between two sections of boom in an articulating aerial device
Knuckle
p 685
Another unique concern particular to operating articulating aerial apparatus is that other apparatus D/O must respect the operating _________ required by the articulating aerial device.
space
p 686
Avoid positioning articulating aerial apparatus _____ _______ to other telescoping aerial apparatus that could impede its operation.
too close
p 686
Some manufacturers offer aerial devices that both ?
articulate and telescope
p 686
Aerial ladders with piped waterways and water towers may both be equipped with remote controls that allow the D/O to manipulate the fire stream from the ________ __________ control pedestal, the _______ _______ of the apparatus or from a ________ _________ box or ___________ controls.
aerial platform / pump panel / remote control / wireless
p 687
Aerial ladders with piped waterways and water towers:
It is always most desirable to operate the nozzle with ________ _________ is available. This eliminates the need to place a firefighter in a hazardous position on the _____ of the device and may free a firefighter for more effective use elsewhere on the fireground.
remote controls / tip
p 687
True ___________ waterways are permanently attached nozzle systems that can be operated from either the tip of the aerial or one section (fly) lower.
pinnable
p 687
______ __________ mode is where the master stream nozzle is at the tip of the aerial, and in __________ mode the nozzle is one aerial section lower.
Fire fighting / rescue
p 687
One advantage provided by some water tower devices is the addition of a _________ ___________ on the tip of the aerial device.
video camera
p 687
Aerial ladders with piped waterways and water towers:
In some cases, the camera used on these devices may have ___________ __________ capability that allows the operator to see different heat signatures.
thermal imaging
p 688
Aerial ladders with _____________ waterways present more of an operational challenge than do those with piped waterways.
detachable
p 688
Detachable ladder pipes should be operated from the ___________ or ________ level using ropes that are attached to the nozzle.
turntable or ground level
p 688-689
Detachable waterways:
It will still be necessary for a firefighter to climb the ladder and manually change the ________ __________ if desired.
stream pattern
p 689
General safety principles for detachable ladder pipes:
- Only ______ ____________ at a time should be on the top fly of the aerial ladder when changing the stream pattern. Do not _______ or ___________ the ladder while the firefighter is at the tip.
- Slowly shut down water flow to the ladder pipe. Sudden pressure changes produce reactions that may result in ________ ___________ and ladder sway, with damaging results.
- one fire fighter / extend or retract
- shock loading
p 689
Safety principles for detachable ladder pipes:
* Always locate the supply hose in the _________ of the ladder and secure it with a ______ ________ or other suitable means.
center / hose strap
p 690
Safety principles for detachable ladder pipes:
* Use the ____-____-_____ guideline for quick ladder pipe use: ____ degree elevation, _____ percent extended length, and ____ psi nozzle pressure for a 1 1/2 inch tip. Use ladder pipes ______________ to the rungs on older units, with a maximum lateral movement of ____ degrees to either side, if lateral movement is allowed. Many new models offer a _____ degree sweep.
75-80-80 / 75 / 80 / 80 / perpendicular / 15 / 180
p 690
Safety principles for detachable ladder pipes:
- Do not use a ___________ and _________ strapped to a ladder as a ladder pipe.
- Always follow __________ __________ ____________ that the aerial device manufacturer provides.
- hoseline / nozzle
- specific operating guidelines
p 690
- Loads that involve motion; includes the forces arising from wind, moving vehicles, earthquakes, vibration, falling objects, or the addition of a moving load force to an aerial device or structure.
Shock Loading
also known as dynamic load
p 690
It is preferable to use some type of ___________ __________ apparatus when placing one or more firefighters at the position where the elevated master stream is going to be deployed.
elevating platform
p 690
Protective _______ _________ are not designed to enable operations in situations where personnel and equipment may be exposed to radiant heat. They are intended to be used in _____________ situations where personnel and equipment are endangered by radiant heat or flames.
water curtains / emergency
p 691
Operation of the aerial device when the apparatus is parked on a grade greatly complicates the _________ stress factors placed upon the aerial device and its related components.
dynamic
p 692
Which NFPA standard establishes static load requirement that an aerial apparatus must meet when operating on a grade ?
NFPA 1901
p 692
Keys to operating on a grade:
- Optimum ____________
- Proper ______________ of the apparatus to counter increased risk
- _______ restrictions for the given grade
- positioning
- stabilization
- load
p 692
Wind gusts impose significant _________ loads against the device, and sustained winds of sufficient force can cause ___________ or ___________ of the aerial device.
dynamic / deformation or twisting
p 692
The D/O must be able to roughly determine the _______ ________ at the location of aerial device operation.
wind speeds
p 692
Cold weather causes increased _________ of the hydraulic oil, slowing overall machine operation.
viscosity
p 693
Due to its _______, ice adversely affects stability, lessens the working load capacity, and significantly reduces rescue capability.
weight
p 693
The limit of ice build up allowed by NFPA ______ is ____ inch on all surfaces.
1901 / 1/4
p 693
________ applied to exposed sliding surfaces, such as slip tubes, is effective in preventing immediate adhesion to the aerial device when ice formation begins. It also facilitates “___________ _____” ice when extending and retracting the device.
Grease / “shrugging off”
p 693-694
Common methods of removing ice include high pressure _______ or a _________ thawing agent similar to the type used on aircraft.
steam / liquid
p 694
Any thawing agents must be _____________ and otherwise harmless to the aerial device or general apparatus components.
noncorrosive
p 694
Keep _______ valves open in freezing weather.
drain
p 694
In icy conditions, the operator should consider keeping the aerial ?
in-line with the apparatus chassis as this is the strongest position to operate any aerial device
p 695
Cold weather:
Avoid parking the apparatus in a position where the raised aerial device will be subject to accidental contact with ______ _________ or ____________.
fire streams or overspray
p 695
Cold weather:
If the aerial device is going to be used for elevated master stream operations, avoid parking it so that the stream will be operated against the _______. This minimizes ___________ reaching the device.
wind / overspray
p 695
- Slowly extending and retracting the aerial device to remove accumulated ice.
Ice Shrugging
p 695
_____ ____________ involves slowly extending and retracting the aerial device to remove accumulated ice.
Ice shrugging
p 695
Exposure to fire effects:
If the aerial device cannot be moved immediately _______ ________ should be applied to the device to help keep it cool.
water streams
p 696
Exposure to fire effects:
A _______ or _______ stream could impose damaging forces on the aerial device, especially at the platform.
straight or solid
p 696
Exposure to fire effects:
NFPA ______ establishes flow requirements for elevating platforms equipped with ______-________ nozzles.
1901 / spray-curtain
p 696
Exposure to fire effects:
A _____ ________ or _______ on the floor of the platform typically operates the water curtain nozzle.
foot pedal / valve
p 696
Exposure to fire effects:
_______ damage of the aerial device may or may not be visible. Obvious signs of damage include ____________, ____________, deformed _______, or improper ____________ of the aerial device.
Heat / discoloration / disfiguration / welds / operation
p 696
______________ aerial apparatus are equipped with heat sensors that change color when overheated. When heat damage is noted or even suspected, the aerial device must be ?
Aluminum / removed from service immediately
p 696
Exposure to fire effects:
Before placing the apparatus back in service, it should be given a thorough ____________ test in accordance with the _____-____________ testing standards within NFPA ______.
operational / non-destructive / 1911, Standard for the Inspection, Maintenance, Testing and Retirement of In-Service Automotive Fire Apparatus
p 696
Occasionally, the ____________ causes adverse conditions. While proper maintenance and usage minimizes ____________ failures, in some cases, ____________ failure is unavoidable.
apparatus / mechanical / mechanical
p 696
If high hydraulic oil temperatures are encountered, and the emergency conditions allow, consider shutting the ______ off for a period of time to give the oil a chance to cool.
PTO
p 697
Only operate the auxiliary hydraulic pump in _________ as recommended by the manufactures.
intervals
p 697
Before activating the auxiliary pump, ensure an aerial control lever is positioned to allow for the ___________ __________ to flow.
hydraulic pressure
p 697
Do not deploy an aerial device ________ _______ unless the manufacturer has approved the apparatus for the operation.
below grade
p 697
__________ _________ operations are the most common scenario that require below grade operations by an aerial device. These situations include trapped victims in deep ______, _________ or other _______________ features, or automobiles that have gone over an embankment.
Special rescue / holes / trenches / subterranean
p 697
True or False:
Most aerial devices are designed to have their working tip deployed to below grade locations ?
False
Most aerial devices are not designed to have their working tip deployed to these locations
p 697
While most manufacturers do not recommend using the aerial device to physically lift a load, the aerial device is sometimes used to create a _____ ________ _________ for a rope rescue system that moves a load.
high point anchor
p 698
Some aerial platforms are equipped with _________ on the platform that allow safe lifting operations, as long as weight restrictions are not exceeded.
winches
p 698
One type of aerial device that is particularly well-suited for below grade rescue operations is the ______-______, ____________ aerial platform. This device has the ability to reach ______, ______, and ________ the surface on which the apparatus is parked.
three-boom, articulating / out, down and under
p 698
General safety tenets :
* Inspection, Maintenance and Testing
- Ensure that any aerial apparatus chassis and device is inspected in accordance with current NFPA ______ standard.
- Ventilate area and wear personal protective equipment when inspecting ___________.
- 1911
- batteries
p 698
General safety tenets:
- Driving
- Turn off ___________ brake and reduce speed in inclement weather.
- auxiliary
p 699
General safety tenets:
- Stabilizing
- Clear stabilizer area of ___________ before deploying or stowing.
- Fully _________ ground pads, stabilizers and locking pins or devices.
- personnel
- deploy
p 700
General safety tenets:
- Operating
- Operate the controls from the operators platform, not the ________
- Only use a ___________ __________ at the tip if absolutely necessary.
- Never operate from the tip without a __________ _________ at the main controls.
- Primary operator must be prepared to __________ tip operator if unsafe conditions are encountered.
- ground
- secondary operator
- primary operator
- override
p 700
General safety tenets:
- Operating
- Never _________ or ___________ with personnel on the ladder.
- When approaching a structure with the aerial, always finish by ___________.
- Adjust operating limits if _______-__________
- Never make contact between ________ and a ___________
- extend or retract
- lowering
- short-jacking
- device and a structure
p 700-701
General safety tenets:
- Water Management
- Drain pre-piped waterways prior to ___________ or ____________
- Open ________ or ________ valves before removing intake or discharge caps
- Drain waterway before ___________
- Drain water from waterway before stowing in __________ conditions
- extending or retracting
- drain or bleeder
- retracting
- freezing
p 701
General safety tenets:
- Strategies and Tactics:
- Approach rescue victims from _________.
- Aim ________ the rescue victim and then ________ the device to them
- Watch for possible structure collapse from ________ weight
- Never anchor the working end of a pullied rescue rope to other parts of the ___________, to _________ structures, or to objects on the ___________.
- upwind
- above / lower
- water
- apparatus, static, ground
p 701
