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Pumping & Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook 3rd > Ch. 5 - Principles of Water > Flashcards

Ch. 5 - Principles of Water Flashcards

1
Q

Water cannot be seen in its _______ form. It only becomes visible as it rises away from the surface of the liquid and begins to ___________.

A

vapor / condense

p 167

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2
Q

Water is considered to be virtually _____________, and it’s ________ varies at different temperatures.

A

incompressible / weight

p 167

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3
Q

Waters density, or its weight per unit of volume, is measured in ?

A

pounds per cubic foot

p 167

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4
Q

For fire protection purposes, ordinary fresh water is considered to weight ______ lb/ft^3 or _____ lb/gal.

A

62.4 lb/ft^3 / 8.3 lb/gal

p 167

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5
Q

Water has the ability to extinguish fire in several ways. It can ______ or _______ heat from the fire, as well as __________ fires.

A

cool or absorb / smother (exclude oxygen from)

p 168

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6
Q

Water may also be used to smother fires in combustible liquids whose specific gravity is ?

A

higher than 1 (heavier than water)

p 168

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7
Q

Advantages of water:

  • Water has a greater _____-__________ capacity than other common extinguishing agents.
  • A large amount of heat is required to change water to steam, allowing more ?
  • Although some areas experience water shortages, generally it is an ___________ and _______ available commodity.
A
  • heat-absorbing
  • heat to be absorbed from the fire
  • inexpensive and readily

p 169

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8
Q

Advantages of water:

  • The greater the _________ ______ of water exposed, the more rapidly heat is absorbed. The amount of _________ ______ can be increased with the use of a _____ stream or deflection of a _______ stream off an object.
  • At 212F (100C), water converted to steam occupies approximately ______ times its original volume, helping to dissipate heat in a well-vented room. The expansion ratio is even greater at ?
A
  • surface area / surface area / fog / solid
  • 1700 times / higher temperatures

p 169

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9
Q

Disadvantages of water:

  • Water has a high surface tension that makes it somewhat difficult to soak into ________ __________.
  • Water may be reactive with certain fuels, ___________ metals, _________ metal, and ___________ aluminum. Due to low levels of ________ and _____________, radiant heat easily passes through water.
A
  • dense materials
  • combustible metals, sodium metal, and triethyl aluminum / opacity and reflectivity

p 169

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10
Q

Disadvantages of water:

  • In cold weather climates, the 32F (0C) freezing temperature of water may created operational problems such as ?
  • Water is a good conductor of ____________.
  • At _____ pounds per gallon, water is a relatively ________ _______.
A
  • frozen pumps and hoselines
  • electricity
  • 8.3 / heavy agent

p 169-170

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11
Q

______ ______ remains the most common weapon in the firefighters arsenal.

A

plain water

p 167

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12
Q
  • Force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas measured in pounds per square inch (psi) or kilopasclas (kPa).
A

Pressure

p 170

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13
Q

Simply measure of weight, usually expressed in pounds or kilograms.

A

Force

p 170

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14
Q

Principles of Pressure:
The speed at which a fluid travels through a hose or pipe is determined by the __________ upon that fluid as well as the size of the _______ through which it is flowing. This speed is often called __________.

A

pressure / orifice / velocity

p 172

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15
Q

Principles of Pressure:
First Principle
Fluid pressure is ______________ to any surface on which it acts. The first principle is illustrated by a vessel having _____ sides and containing water.

A

perpendicular / flat

p 172

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16
Q

Principles of Pressure:
Second Principle
Fluid pressure at a point in fluid at rest is the same __________ in all directions. This principle is used in ____________ testing.

A

intensity / hydrostatic

p 172

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17
Q

Principles of Pressure:
Third Principle
Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted _________ in all directions. For example, if a pumper is connected to a closed standpipe 100 feet tall and 100 psi is applied to the standpipe, a gauge at the top of the standpipe would read _____ psi. However a gauge at the bottom of the standpipe would read 143.4 psi because of the _________ of the water in the standpipe.

A

equally / 100 psi / weight

p 172-173

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18
Q

Due to the increase in water pressure requirements necessary for the height of the building, __________-__________ devices are installed in standpipe systems that serve high-rise buildings. These devices allow hoselines to be more easily ___________, while allowing the high pressures required to access upper floors.

A

pressure-regulating / controlled

p 173

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19
Q

Principles of Water:
Fourth Principle
The pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is proportional to its ________.

A

depth

p 173

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20
Q

Principles of Water:
Fourth Principle
The depth of water is 1 foot in the first container, 2 feet in the second, and 3 feet in the third. The pressure at the bottom of the second container is ________ that of the first, and the pressure at the bottom of the third container is ________ times that of the first.

A

twice / three

p 173

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21
Q

Principles of water:
Fifth Principle
The pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is proportional to the _________ of the liquid.

A

density

p 173

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22
Q

One inch of mercury creates the same pressure at the bottom of a container as 13.55 inches of water. Thus mercury is 13.55 times _________ than water.

A

denser

p 173

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23
Q

Principles of water:
Sixth principle
The pressure of a liquid at the bottom of a vessel is independent of the ?

A

shape of the vessel

p 174

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24
Q

The ____________ pressure that surrounds the earth has depth and destiny, exerting pressure on everything.

A

atmospheric

p 174

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25
Q

Atmospheric pressure is greatest at _____ altitudes and least at very _____ altitudes.

A

low / high

p 174

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26
Q

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is _____ psi, which is considered standard atmospheric pressure.

A

14.7 psi

p 174

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27
Q

A common method of measuring atmospheric pressure is by comparing the weight of the atmosphere with the weight of ___________.

A

mercury

p 174

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28
Q

When observed in a vertical cylinder, the greater the atmospheric pressure, the _________ the column of mercury.

A

taller

p 174

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29
Q

A pressure of 1 psi makes the column of mercury about ______ inches.

A

2.04 inches

p 174

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30
Q

At _____ level, the column of mercury is 2.04 x 14.7 or 29.9 inches tall.

A

sea

p 174

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31
Q

What does psig stand for?

A

pounds per square inch gauge

p 174

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32
Q

What does psia stand for?

A

pounds per square inch absolute

p 174

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33
Q
  • In the fire and emergency services, a pressure that is somewhat less than atmospheric pressure; a __________ is needed to facilitate drafting of water from a static source.
A

Vacuum / vacuum

p 175

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34
Q

In the fire service, ______ refers to the height of a water supply above the discharge orifice.

A

head

p 175

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35
Q
  • Alternative term for pressure, especially due to elevation. For every 1-foot increase in elevation, 0.434 psi is gained.
A

Head

p 175

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36
Q

The water flow definition of _______ pressure is stored potential energy available to force water through pipes, fittings, hose, and adapters.

A

static

p 175

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37
Q

_______ means at rest, or without motion.

A

Static

p 175

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38
Q

Water pressure may be produced by an __________ water supply, _____________ pressure, or a _______.

A

elevated / atmospheric / pump

p 175

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39
Q

If water is not moving, the pressure exerted is ________.

A

static

p 175

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40
Q

The pressure in a system before it flows from a hydrant is considered ________ for fire service purposes.

A

static

p 175

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41
Q

The pressure found in a water distribution system during normal consumption demands is considered the ?

A

normal operating pressure

p 176

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42
Q
  • Pressure at the test hydrant while water is flowing; represents the pressure remaining in the water supply system while test water is flowing and is that part of the total pressure that is not used to overcome friction or gravity while forcing water through fire hose, pipe, fittings, and adapters.
A

Residual Pressure

p 176

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43
Q

___________ pressure is the portion of the total available pressure not used to overcome friction loss or gravity while forcing water through pipes, fittings, hoses or adapters. ___________ is the remainder of that which is left.

A

Residual pressure / residual

p 175

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44
Q

While water is flowing from a discharge opening, the forward velocity pressure is considered _______ __________.

A

flow pressure

p 176

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45
Q

Use a _______ tube and _______ to measure the forward velocity of flow pressure.

A

Pitot tube / gauge

p 176

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46
Q

When measuring the forward velocity of flow pressure using a nozzle; a _________ ______ nozzle must be used with the pitot tube and gauge.

A

smooth bore

p 176

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47
Q
  • Height of a point above sea level or some other reference point.
A

Elevation

p 176

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48
Q
  • Geographic position of a location or object in relation to sea level. The location may be either above, below, or at sea level.
A

Altitude

p 176

49
Q
  • Gain or loss of pressure in a hoseline due to a change in elevation.
A

Elevation Pressure (also know as Elevation Loss)

p 176

50
Q

When a nozzle is above the level of the pump, there is pressure ______. Conversely, when a nozzle is below the pump, there is pressure ______.

A

loss / gain

p 176

51
Q

At altitudes above 2000 feet, the lessening of atmospheric pressure means fire department pumpers must work?

A

increasingly harder to produce the pressures required for effective fire streams.

p 176

52
Q

True or False:

Less dense atmospheric pressure reduces a pumpers effective lift when drafting?

A

True

p 176

53
Q

Above sea level, atmospheric pressure decreases approximately _____ psi for every 1000 feet.

A

0.5 psi

p 176

54
Q
  • Loss of pressure created by the turbulence of water moving against the interior walls of the hose or pipe.
A

Friction Loss

p 177

55
Q

The fire service definition of ________ _____ is that part of the total pressure lost while forcing water through pipe, fittings, fire hose, and adapters.

A

friction loss

p 177

56
Q

The friction loss in older hose may be as much as _____ percent greater than that of new hose.

A

50 percent

p 177

57
Q

The rougher the inner surface of the pipe (commonly referred to as the coefficient of friction), the greater the ?

A

friction loss will be

p 177

58
Q

Friction loss:

A common fire service example compares the difference in pressure between a _________ and ________.

A

nozzle and pumper

p 178

59
Q

Principles of friction loss:
First principle
If all other conditions are the same, friction loss varies directly with the _______ of the hose or pipe.

A

length

p 178

60
Q

Principles of friction loss:
Second principle
When hoses are the same size, friction loss varies approximately with the square increase in the ?

A

velocity of the flow

p 178

61
Q

A length of 3 inch hose is flowing 200 gpm has friction loss of 3.2 psi. As the flow doubles from 200 to 400 gpm the friction loss increases ?

A 
four times
(2^2 = 4) 
3.2 X 4 = 12.8 psi friction loss

p 178

62
Q

Principles of friction loss:
Third principle
For the same discharge, friction loss varies inversely as the fifth power of the ?

A

diameter of the hose

p 179

63
Q

When the flow remains constant, the friction loss in a hose will decrease when the diameter of the hose is __________.

A

increased

p 179

64
Q

Principles of friction loss:
Fourth principle
For a given _________, friction loss is approximately the same, regardless of the pressure on the water.

A

velocity

p 179

65
Q

With water being virtually incompressible, a pressure of _______ psi is required to reduce its volume one percent.

A

30,000 psi

p 179

66
Q

The diameter of the hose determines the _______ for a give volume of water.

A

velocity

p 179

67
Q

Friction loss in a water system increases as the length of _______ or ________ increases.

A

hose or pipe

p 180

68
Q

Flow pressure will always be greatest near the ________ of ________ and lowest at the _________ _______ in the system.

A

source of supply / farthest point

p 180

69
Q
  • Force created by the rapid deceleration of water; causes a violent increase in pressure that can be powerful enough to rupture piping or damage fixtures. Generally results from closing a valve or nozzle too quickly.
A

Water Hammer

p 181

70
Q

The primary water supply can be obtained from either ________ water or ________ water.

A

surface / ground

p 182

71
Q

True or False:

In cities, the domestic / industrial requirements far exceed that required for fire protection?

A

True

p 183

72
Q

Two examples of surface water are ?

A

rivers and lakes

p 182-183

73
Q

Groundwater supply can be ?

A

water wells or water-producing springs

p 183

74
Q

There are three methods of moving water in a system:

  • __________ ____________ system
  • __________ system
  • ______________ system
A
  • Direct pumping
  • Gravity
  • Combination

p 183

75
Q
  • Part of an overall water supply system that receives the water from the pumping station and delivers it throughout the area to be served.
A

Distribution System

p 184

76
Q

A fire hydrant that receives water from only one direction is known as a ?

A

Dead end hydrant

p 184

77
Q

When a fire hydrant receives water from two or more directions, it is said to have ?

A

circulating feed or a looped line

p 184

78
Q
  • Water supply system that utilizes lateral feeders for improved distribution
A

Grid System

p 184

79
Q

Valves in private fire protection systems are usually of the ____________ type.

A

indicating type

p 186

80
Q

Two common indicator valves are ?

A

post indicator valve (PIV) and the outside screw and (OS&Y) valve

p 186

81
Q

_______________ valves are the most common type of valves used on most public water distribution systems.

A

Nonindicating valves

p 186

82
Q

Control valves in public water distribution systems are generally _______ valves.

A

gate valves

p 187

83
Q

Nonrising-stem gate valves should be marked with a number indicating the number of ?

A

turns necessary to completely close the valve

p 187

84
Q

Water System Capacity:
Three basic rates of consumption
* The __________ ________ ____________ is the average amount of water used per day based on the total amount of water used in a water distribution system over the period of one year.
* The ____________ ________ ____________ is the maximum total amount of water that was used during any 24-hour interval within a 3 year period.
* The _______ _________ ______________ is the maximum amount of water used in any 1 hour interval over the course of a day.

A
  • average daily consumption (ADC)
  • maximum daily consumption (MDC)
  • peak hourly consumption (PHC)

p 188

85
Q

Interconnecting ___________ and ___________ water systems is restricted by the Environmental Protection Agency and numerous state and local water quality codes.

A

potable and nonpotable

p 189

86
Q

The term pressure may have a variety of meanings. In this manual, pressure is defined as?

A

force per unit area

p 170

87
Q

Pressure is easily confused with _______. ________ is a simple measure of weight and is expressed in pounds or kilograms.

A

force / force

p 170

88
Q

Force:

Stacking water containers increases the pressure per?

A

square foot

p 171

89
Q

Mercury has a specific gravity greater than, as it will ______ in water.

A

sink

p 173

90
Q

Sixth principle of pressure:

This principle is illustrated by observing water in serval different shaped containers, each having the same cross-sectional area at the bottom and the same height. The pressure is the ?

A

same in each container

p 174

91
Q

Any pressure less than atmospheric pressure is called _________, and absolute zero pressure is called a __________ __________.

A

vacuum / perfect vacuum

p 175

92
Q

The height of the water supply above the fire hydrant creates the _______ pressure.

A

head

p 175

93
Q

True ________ pressure is seldom found in municipal water systems because there is always some flow in the pipes due to normal use.

A

static

p 175

94
Q

The pressure in a system before it flows from a hydrant is considered _______ for fire service purposes.

A

static

p 175

95
Q

The difference between static pressure and normal operating pressure is the __________ caused by water flowing through the pipes, valves, and fittings of the system.

A

friction

p 176

96
Q

___________ refers to the center line of the pump or the bottom of a static water supply source above or below ground level.

A

Elevation

p 176

97
Q

___________ is the position of an object in relation to sea level.

A

Altitude

p 176

98
Q

The pressure losses or gains due to gravity are called ?

A

elevation pressure

p 176

99
Q

The following causes friction loss in a fire hose:

  • Movement of water ___________ against each other
  • __________ of fire hose / delaminating hose
  • __________
  • Sharp ______ / ______
  • Change in hose _______ or _________ by adapters
  • Improper _________ size
A
  • molecules
  • Linings
  • Couplings
  • bends / kinks
  • size or orifice
  • gasket

p 177

100
Q

The _________ the inner surface of the pipe the greater the friction loss will be.

A

rougher

p 177

101
Q

The difference in the ___________ pressure between two gauges placed a distance apart in the same diameter hose or pipe when water is flowing is the friction loss for that distance.

A

residual

p 177-178

102
Q

The second principle of friction loss illustrates that friction loss develops much faster than the change in __________.

A

velocity

p 178

103
Q

When the flow remains constant, the friction loss in a hose will decrease when the diameter of the hose is __________.

A

increased

p 179

104
Q

The smaller the hose, the greater the __________ needed to deliver the same volume.

A

velocity

p 179

105
Q

Reducing friction loss:
* Hose length - To reduce friction loss caused by hose length or diameter, reduce the length of the _____ and increase the __________ of the hose.

A

lay / diameter

p 181

106
Q

True or False:

In cities, the domestic / industrial requirements for water far exceed that required for fire protection.

A

True

p 183

107
Q

Means of moving water:

  • ________ ____________ system - uses one or more pumps that takes water from the primary source and discharges it through the filtration and treatment processes.
A

Direct pumping system

p 183

108
Q

Means of moving water:

  • __________ system - Uses a primary water source located at a higher elevation than the distribution system.
A

Gravity system

p 183

109
Q

Means of moving water:

  • _______________ system - Most communities use a combination of the direct pumping and gravity systems
A

Combination system

p 183

110
Q

The storage of water in __________ reservoirs can also ensure water supply when the system becomes otherwise inoperative.

A

elevated

p 184

111
Q

There is much less pressure loss in a water distribution system when fire hydrants are supplied from ?

A

two or more directions

p 184

112
Q

Grid system:

  • ___________ __________ - Large pipes (mains), with relatively widespread spacing, that convey large quantities of water to various points of the system for local distribution to the smaller mains.
A

Primary feeders

p 184

113
Q

Grid systems:

  • ___________ ________ - Network of intermediate sized pipes that reinforce the grid within the various loops of the primary feeder system and aid the concentration of the required fire flow at any point
A

Secondary feeders

p 185

114
Q

Grid systems:

  • ______________ - Grid arrangements of smaller mains serving individual fire hydrants and blocks of consumers
A

Distributors

p 185

115
Q

An _____________ valve visually shows whether the gate or valve seat is open, closed or partially closed.

A

indicating valve

p 186

116
Q

The adverse effects of encrustation and sedimentation in water pipes can be reduced by ?

A

flushing hydrants periodically

p 188

117
Q

___________ water supplies are most commonly found on large commercial, industrial, or institutional properties but may also be found in some residential developments.

A

Private

p 188

118
Q

Most commonly, private water supply systems receive their water from a ___________ water supply system.

A

municipal

p 188

119
Q

Almost universally, private water supply systems maintain separate piping for ?

A

fire protection and domestic / industrial services

(distinct contrast to most municipal water supply systems in which fire hydrants are connected to the same mains that supply domestic / industrial use )

p 189

Pumping & Aerial Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook 3rd (21 decks)

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