Chapter 18: Eighteenth Century Flashcards
Growth of European States:
France: Nobles regained influence as Louis XIV died. More debt, and had secret French agents
Dutch Republic: Failed due to economic loses, nobles reclaimed power
Britain: Monarchs became less important and economic success due to American Slavery
Prussia: Frederick I: focused on army Frederick II: enlightenment ideals, doubled army at expense of serfs
Austria: tried to maintain Habsburg, expanded land
Poland: Loss land to Russia and Austria due to weak government
What was the war of Austrian Succession?
(1740-1748) Maria Theresa inherited Habsburg Throne.
Austria vs Prussia: Frederick II supported France and seized Poland as a threat
Anglo-French rivalry: French support Prussia, England support Austria. America colonist captured French areas in Canada, and French took parts of India
Treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle: Frederick retained Poland, Prussia became power. England gave parts of Canada to France, and French gave India back to England. Theresa was recognized as ruler.
What were the key causes the Seven Years War?
(1756-1763)Tension between Britain and France over colonial territories. Austria wanted Silesia(Poland) from Prussia. Shifting alliances, as Britain allied with Prussia and France with Austria and Russia
What were the major events of the Seven Years’ War?
Europe: Prussia fought off Austria, France, and Russia
In Norther America, French and Indian war, where Britain fought of France
India: Britain and France competed for dominance
What was the outcome of the Seven Years’ War?
Treaty of Paris (1763): Britain gained Canada, Florida, and Frances land in India and NA.
Prussia kept Silesia
France lost colonial empire
How does the population shift cause for changes in the food supply?
(1700s)Food supply needs to match growing population due to fewer deaths due to the disappearance of bubonic plague, medical development like inoculation of smallpox, commercial capitalism led to more money for middle class, and war with professional army, so less deaths. Food Supply struggled due to crop failures, and yielded not meeting demand.
What was the common life for peasant in Europe?
1700s, peasant lived in village communities, and use common and open field systems
How was family life in Eighteenth Century?
Before 1750, couples waited to mid twenties for marriage, delayed marriage to get land.
After 1750, younger as became financially independent due to cottage industry.
Were emotionally attach to children, as infant mortality was high.
What was the Agricultural Revolution in Britain?
1700-1850: People involved in animal husbandry, Robert Bakewell did selective breeding, and livestock production.
Found crop rotation
Jethro Tull: Seed drill, Jethrol Tull, crops in rows and iron plow
What was the enclosure act?
Enclosure act of 1773 made land owners fence land and restrict commoners access. Consolidated land in fences, as farming became driven by market demand, rather than a way of life. rural farmers could not compete
Changes to labor causes changes in social fabric of Europe
Tenant farmers, and rural farmers started to work in factories. Rising bourgeoisie as middle class created goods and services
What were the economic shifts?
New Market Economy: Commercial Capitalism: Motivated profits, and private ownership of land, raw materials and equipment. Development of Joint Stock Companies (Invested to parts of company)
What was the rise of the cottage industry?
Putting out system, where merchants provided raw materials, to rural families who produced goods like textiles, shoes, and other things. Families were paid per piece, and members contributed to the work. Family roles were now used for production.
What was Rococo?
Popular during Reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715)
Lighthearted nobles at play, light color pastels and known for elegance and romantic themes.
What was Neoclassical?
18 to early 19th art and ideas of ancient Greece and Rome. Reacting against Rococo style. Clean lines, balanced proportion, and Enlightenment values.
