Chapter 21 Flashcards
What was the Congress of Vienna?
Restored old order, held by Klemens Von Metternich, where he was committed to conservatism. Saw Nationalism as threat to stability. 1815
What was the Principle of Legitimacy?
Restore original rulers who were deposed by French Revolution and Napoleon. Louis XVIII returned as bourbon ruler of France.
Why a Balance of Power?
Napoleon had nearly taken over Europe by centralizing too much power in France.
The major powers wanted to make sure no single nation could do that again.
system where each country had enough strength to deter aggression from others.
What were the results of Congress of Vienna?
France: Reduced to its 1790 borders and required to pay an indemnity of 700 million francs.
Russia: Gained most of the Duchy of Warsaw (Poland) and retained Finland.
Prussia: Acquired three-fifths of Saxony.
Austria: Regained control over Lombardy and Venetia in northern Italy.
Britain: Secured strategic colonial territories, including Malta, the Cape of Good Hope, and (Sri Lanka).
Germany: Transformed from over 300 states into the German Confederation of 39 states under Austrian influence
What was the rise to the middle class?
Political power, wealth, and enjoy leisure time. Haute Bourgeosie: Wealthy bankers, merchants, and industrialists.
Petite Bourgeosie: shopkeepers, and artisans
How were Labor Unions Established?
1799 and 1800 where British laws banned them to keep workers from organizing, but were repealed in 1824 due to pressure. Won legal status in 1875
Where did socialism come from?
Haves: too much wealth and Have nots were barely surviving. Profits should be shared equally. Means of productions owned by community.
What was Utopian Socialism?
All of them failed.
imagined ideal societies as alternatives to capitalism (believed unjust and inhumane) and industrial exploitation. Inspired socialist movements later on
What was the Communist Manifesto?
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, published in 1848. laying out the principles of communism and calling for the working class (proletariat) to rise up against the ruling class (bourgeoisie).
What was conservatism?
Traditional things, slow down change.
What was liberalism?
Protect natural rights, constitutional monarchy, Representative governments, government stay out of economy and focus on individualism/
What was Nationalism a threat?
Group who share same traditions, history, and language. Should be sovereign and rule themselves.
What were the revolts of 1830-1848?
Uprising in Spain and Italy, which were crushed. Germany, had students revolts. Decembrist revolt in Russia, France: Revolution of 1830 and 1848. Belgium: 1830, natural state. Italy: Giuseppe Mazzini leads losing movement.
What was romanticism?
focused on emotions, and rejected reason. Looked on medieval period, and beauty of nature instead of Enlightenment to study nature.
