Chapter 22-24 Flashcards
What was the concert of Europe?
A diplomatic system (1815–1850s) where Europe’s great powers (Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia, later France) worked together to maintain peace and the balance of power after Napoleon.
Why did it start to break down?
People were on nationalism wave. Italy and Germany wanted to unify, and ottoman empire and austra-hungary opposed independence of various groups.
Why did Realpolitik represent change?
A political philosophy that emphasizes practical and strategic decisions based on power and national interest, rather than moral or ideological considerations.Bismarck’s unification of Germany through wars and diplomatic maneuvering, not ideology.
What was happening in France?
Napoleon III (1848-1870) Declared France an Empire, and himself the Emperor. Increase railroad, industrial production, legalized trade unions, and rebuilt Paris with wide avenues.
How did the Crimean War upset agreements?
1853-1856: Fighting over holy land, and Russia saw a change to expand westward. Austria felt threatened, and France and Britain opposed anything that changed balance of power.
Why was the Crimean War such a big event?
Greatest war after Congress of Vienna. Napoleon III broke Russia-Austria alliance, and upset Concert of Europe. Russia lost, and could not compete, and did not have industrial capability.
How did Italy become one?
Cavour industrialized his people, and created Franco- Piedmont alliance to drive Austria out. Supported Guiseppe Garibadli who was leading red shirts to free Kingdom of two siclies.
What led to Unification of Germany?
War with Denmark, to take more land. War with Austria: Bismarck provoked Austria, and with improved army won in seven weeks. Franco-Prussian War 1870, Kaiser Wilhelm and Bismarck leaked personal telegram on how French ambassador was acting.
What was German Unification?
Emperor Wilhelm I became Emperor, as Germany occupied France until they paid 5 million francs. Made Germany into continental power
What was the Siege of Paris?
Prussia occupied everything , and the people were starved out, and had to eat horses, rats, and donkeys.
What was happening in Russia?
Tsar Alexander II was an Autocrat, and to make people happy had Emancipation Edict of 1861, where he freedom the serfs. Put down Polish Rebellion. 1870, people wills was formed, and wanted to overthrow government, and he died.
Why was Social Darwinism a misapplication of Darwins ideas?
Herbert Spencer applied it to human society, and applied to race and nations to justify imperialism, racism, and militarism.
How did the second industrialization transform society?
Steel replaced iron as strongest material to build railroads and skyscrapers. Germany was producing soaps, dyes, and explosives.
Who was Edwin Chadwick?
British Commissioner who researched city sanitation. Found link to poor conditions to disease spread.
What was the Victorian Age?
1837-1901 under Queen Victoria, with uneasy stability due to protests and passed reform bill of 1867, votings rights of male workers.
How did women lead reforms in Britain?
The Sunday School movement, religious backed education for children, temperance movement, and Josephine Butler being important women suffragists.
What was the Battle of women’s suffrage?
Emmeline Bankhurst founded Women Social and Political Union in 1903.
What was the Dreyfus affair?
Captain Dreyfus was Jewish Officer, was wrongly convicted in 1894 for selling secrets to German. Catholics, and anti-Semetic stopped attempts to clear his name.
Who was Karl Lueger?
Major of Vienna, who said Jews sacrificed Christian Children, and how they were taking over academia.
What was Bismarcks new role as a European Leader?
Arranged alliances to keep Germany a top power. Three Emperors League with Germany, Austria, and Russia.
What was the Eastern Question?
1870: In Balkans as who would control the region, as Pan Slavism: Uniting all Slavs in Europe under one government.
What policies did Bismarck add to Germany?
Social welfare programs in 1880, like Health insurance, and accident insurance.
What was Congress of Berlin?
1878: A meeting of European powers led by Otto von Bismarck after the Russo-Turkish War to Balance power in the Balkans and reduce Russian influence.Austria-Hungary given control over Bosnia and Herzegovina. Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro gained independence. Britain got Cyprus
What were the New Alliances?
Triple Alliance (1882): Germany, Austria, and Italy
Reinsurance treaty (1887): Bismarck sought alliance with Russia
