Age of Reformation Flashcards
Who was Erasmus?
Wrote in praise of the folly. Critical of the catholic church. Writer, satirists, made commentary on church corruption.
Who was Thomas More?
English lawyer and advisor to henry viii
Challenged traditional church leadership
What was Martin Luther Early Life like?
Private struggle to find key to salvation
Catholic church taught salavation was brought through good works and faith
What was Luther Fight against indulgences?
Saw johann tetzel selling indulgences and was upset about it.
Indulegences were certifications granted by the people in return for a payment of a fee to the church
How did Luther rebel and what debates were there?
Delivered the 95 theses.
The main idea was that the bible was the central authority
Humans reach salvation only through faith.
Diet of Worms —> put on trial;deemed heretic
The spread of Lutheranism
Lutheranism becomes a dominant religion
Religion in northern and eastern germany due to the support of nobled
Print press and new ideas inspires others
What was the German Peasant war?
1525
Causes: originally supported luther, believed that this meant freedom from landlord and clergy.
Nobles seized common village land, put high taxes,led to attacks on monasteries, castle and rich farms
Luther response: Believer peasant should obey rulers
Rebellions must be crushed, asked nobility to crush rebels
Effect: strengthened the authority of germany nobility
Lutheranism allied with German nobility
What was luther justification?
He believed salvation was a gift freely given by god ( justificstion by faith, sola fide)
Lutheran religious doctrine: Transubstantiation
idea of drinking wine and eat bread is supposed to be drinking Jesus blood and flesh
What did Lutheran religious scripture emphasize
Clergy should be allowed to marry
Bible only valid authority
Luther: all church teachings should be based on the word of god as revealed in the bible
Lutherans religious service
arts to spread the word
painting and sculpture to add visuals to those who were illiterate
incorporated music into church
reduing sacraments to just baptism
Charles V vs Valois(Francis i)
territorial disputes
Conflict bled to economics, politics, and religion
protestant had gone into France and gained footing, Charles V went to get them
Charles V vs Ottoman
Germany served as a buffer between these two areas
What was the Schmalkaldic League?
Alliance formed by German protestant princes
Maintained an army to unite the protestant against imperial attacks.
Lost the war, but Luthers idea spread
Peace of Augsburg
religious civil war between Catholics(Charles V) and protestant princes (german princes)
At the end, right of every German prince to determine the religion of his state, Roman catholic or Lutheran
Swedish Lutheran Church
Sweden broke off from the church and accepted Lutheranism
Monarchs in Scandinavia
Kind Gustav wanted to choose his own bishops but rome said no
Northern Europe ( Zwingli)
Leader of reformation in switzerland
New communion, new interpretation of bible, attacked usage of images in place of worship
Anabaptists view on baptism as
rebaptizers, opposed infant baptism as only adults could be baptized
Separation of church and state
rejected secular obligations
No taxes, civil oaths, public office or serve in the military Catholicd, Lutherans and Calvins all called anabaptists radical
Reformation in England:Henry VIII
devout catholic who disliked Luther and called defender of the faith by the pope.
Succesion: 2nd king of tudor dynasty and wanted male heir. Catherine of Aragon did not birth son, so asked pope clement vii to annul marriage. pope could not do it bc Catherine was aunt of Charles V who occupied rome with army, so he could not meet request. (sack of rome)
What was the act of supremacy?
Henry defied pope and married Anne Boleyn
Declared english king to be “protector and only supreme head of the church and clergy of england”
No papal supremacy and closed all monasteries
Thomas Cromwell
Political outlook
Lutheran in his religous outlook
Personally convinced henry viii go publish English bible
What was the book of common prayer?
Books of religious material for Anglican church
What did Queen Mary do?
head england back towards catholism
Elizabeth I
Imprisoned Mary for being supporter of protestanism
Looked for middle ground
Restored Abglican church and allowed priest to marry and sermon in english. Kept bishops and archbishops
What was the spanish armada?
a huge loss as 67/130 spanish ships made it as England faster and powerful ships took them out. spain no longer had an advantage on the seas and england was empowered to control atlantic and NA
Spread of calvinism
spreads to scotland presbyterian church formed
Hugenots calvinist in francr
Puriticabs Calvinist in England and new england
Calvin’s idea
god is just, perfect, and omnipotent, and humans are corrupt, weak, insignificant
Calvinism (geneva)
1541: protestant in geneva asked calvin to turn their city into model christian community. Calvin and calvinists regulated all aspects of life
Calvinism ( predestination)
terrible decree. few people will be saved from sin and they are the elect. The elect have the duty to rule
society as to glorify god
King Philips War
increase spanish power in Europe, spread catholicism, defeat ottoman turks in mediterranean
spanish netherlands rebellled by angry inqusitions and troop sent by philip. duke of alva sentenced thousands to death and inposed harsh taxes
Popes
Julius ll built st peters basilica
paul lll and after reformed church practices, reaffirm papal authority, reincorporate the religouus experience
Council of Trent
rejected justificstion by faith and kept salvation by faith and good works
rejected bible supremacy equal weight to scripture and traditonal catholic teachings
rejected that there were only 2 sacraments
no more indulgences
no simony
bishops has to live in dioceses where they served
veneration of relics are expression of piety
latin is language of worship
Papal authority in council of trent
no act of a council could br valid unless accepted by the holy see
Papacy is center if catholic unit
Ignatius of Loyola
former spanish soldier who was injured and went through relgiois venerations
saw him as a soldier of christ and dedicated his life to fight for the people and catholic chruch
wrote spiritual exercises mediation prsyer and study
society of jesus
formally authorized as a new order in 1540 by pope paul lll
Jesuits lee by ignatus were a spiritual army
Catholics education: hundred of schools founded for middle and upper class boys
missionary work: preached in americas and asia
Combat protestanism revisl of catholicism in bavaria, netherlands, and poland
nuns
ursuline order of nims
relgious educstion and training to young girls
christisn education in france
teresa de avila
major spanish leader in reforms for monasteries and coventd
preached individuals could use prayer to establish firect relationship with god
women role
beleived that christian women shlould strive to br models of
obedience and christian charity
