Chapter 18- Breathing: Inhalation and Exhalation

Question 1

aortic and carotid bodies

Answer 1

Chemoreceptors located in the aorta and carotid artery; monitor blood chemistry and detect unacceptably high levels of carbon dioxide; also detect low levels; stimulation of the respiratory center by there receptors increased the rate and depth of breathing

Question 2

breathing

Answer 2

Biological process of inhaling and exhaling; controlled by the respiratory center of the brain, so it normally occurs automatically; controlled by the brain’s breathing center in the medulla oblongata, which responds directly to the levels of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion (acid) in the cerebrospinal fluid

Question 3

carbon dioxide

Answer 3

A colourless gas that is a waste product of the circulatory and respiratory systems; the respiratory center responds to increased levels of carbon dioxide by increasing the rate of breathing, until the levels of carbon dioxide return to an acceptable level

Question 4

exhalation (expiration)

Answer 4

The movement of air out f the bronchial tubes, through the airways, to the external environment during breathing

Question 5

hydrogen ions

Answer 5

Have many important functions in the human body that involve pH; the increased presence of hydrogen ions leads to an acidic environment; (re: respiratory system); if levels of carbon dioxide or hydrogen ions become too high, the respiratory center will increase the rate of breathing until levels of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions return to acceptable levels

Question 6

inhalation (inspiration)

Answer 6

The movement of air from the external environment, through the airways, into the alveoli during breathing

Question 7

intercostal muscles

Answer 7

Muscles that run between the ribs and help stabalize and move the upper body as we breathe; work together with the lungs, diaphragm, ribs and pleural membranes to perform the process of inhalation and exhalation; contract in response to signals from the respiratory center

Question 8

medulla oblongata

Answer 8

The lower portion of the brainstem; controls basal metabolic function- breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, and many reflexive actions, such as coughing, vomiting, hiccupping, and swallowing

Question 9

respiratory centre

Answer 9

Located in the medulla oblongata (brain stem); is part of the autonomic nervous system

Question 10

stretch receptors

Answer 10

Sensory receptors in the walls of the alveoli; prevent over inflation of the alveoli causing damage

Question 11

thoracic cavity (chest caviry)

Answer 11

Upper body cavity which contains lungs and heart (in its own sub cavity); surrounded by muscles and rib cage