Chapter 17 Flashcards
Atlantic system became a web of trade routes that bond together — became the hub of European expansion throughout the world
Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas
Plantations
Large tracts of land owned by colonial settlers, formed by slave labor and produced staple crops
Europeans imported — Central and South America West Indies they imported — Colonies in North America —
Precious metals: Sugar: Timber, fish, tobacco, and furs
Mestizo
A person born to a Spanish father and a native mother
Peninsular
Those born in Spain
Creoles
Born in America of Spanish parents
To expand its trade in the rest of the world, Europeans
Seized territories and tried to establish permanent settlements
Consumer society coffeehouses
Where people could meet socially and discuss business and politics
3 main reasons for the population explosion
- Better weather produced bountiful harvests
- improved agriculture techniques
- the disappearance of the plague after 1720
By 1750 — is Europe’s largest city
London
Conspicuous consumption
Consumption of luxuries on a lavish scale in an attempt to enhance one’s prestige
50 years of warfare 1700-1750 saw 3 important developments
- a New Power Alignment arose a coalition of powers held France in check on the continent
- The British Rise and the Dutch Decline
- Russia’s Emergence as a European Power
Strategic importance Bank of England
Enabled the government to raise money at low interest for foreign wars
Russia has defeated Sweden, considered to be one of the world’s best militaries, and the victory overturned the view that Russia was militarily incompetent
Battle of Poltava
Peter the Great
Expanded the Russian state into a much larger empire, led a cultural revolution in Russia to modernize them along Western standards
Peter introduced numerous reforms
- Founded the Russian Academy of Science
- Replaced the Russian calendar with the Julian calendar
- Adopted European fashion’s and banned beards for men and veils for women
- Modernized the Army and built a Navy
Symbolized Russia’s “opening to the West”
St. Petersburg
The Table of Ranks
A formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of imperial Russia. All social and material advantages now depended on serving the crown
What was the Enlightenment
It was a cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe and the American colonies
What was the purpose of the Enlightenment
- to reform society using reason
- to advance knowledge through science
What did the Enlightenment oppose
Superstition, intolerance, and some abuses by church and state
The central doctrines of the Enlightenment philosophers were
- individual liberty
- religious tolerance
A significant criticism of the Enlightenment was that its followers
Subjected everything to criticism and challenged both political and religious authority
The 3 main reasons for immigration to the “New World”
Economic, political, and religious freedom
