Chapter 15 Flashcards
the second deadliest European religious war behind the Thirty-years war
French Wars of Religion
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Reigniting the French Wars of Religion
The Edict of Nantes
Granted French Huguenots religious toleration ending the French Wars of Religion
By placing order and the security of the state above matters of faith
Henry IV brought the French Wars of Religion to an end
Philip II of Spain a deeply devout Catholic determined
To restore Catholic unity in Europe and lead the Christian defense against the Muslims
The Netherlands religious toleration developed for pragmatic reasons
The central government lacked the power to enforce religious orthodoxy
Make Amsterdam the wealthiest city in Europe for 200 years
- The leading money market
- commodities market
- arms dealing market in the world
Spanish soldiers sacked Amsterdam killing 8,000 people and burning 1,000 buildings in 11 days of horror
Spanish fury
In response to the execution of the Catholic Monarch, Philip II of Spain
Sent the famous Spanish Armada to crush England
The most destructive and the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties
The Thirty Years War
The Peace of Augsburg
The most important it establish that ALL Princes enjoyed the right to determine the religion of their lands and subjects: excluded Calvinists
The Bohemian Revolt
The Battle of White Mountain 1620
Was a Bohemian (Protestant/converted Catholic) Duke of Mecklenburg offered his service, Emperor Ferdinand II
Von Wallenstein
… in 1630 transforming what had been simply Emperor’s attempt to curb the Protestant states into a full-scale war in Europe
Sweden intervened
Cardinal Richelieu King Louis XIII’s chief minister. His chief foreign policy objective — in the Thirty Years’ War that engulfed Europe
Was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty, and to ensure French dominance
Raison d’etat (reason of state)
That is the state interest above all else
The Peace of Westphalia 1648
It was the first time a diplomatic congress was convened that brought all parties together to create and guarantee a treaty
France replaces Spain as the power on the continent
Placing the State’s interest above all other interests
Treaty of Westphalia international warfare would be undertaken for reasons
- National Security
- Political Ambition
- Dynastic Pride
Secularization
The state is officially neutral in matters of religion
Rene Descartes French mathematician and philosopher. He argued that all prior assumptions should be discarded in favor of on basic principle…
“I think, therefore I am”
Sir Isaac Newton believed that by demonstrating that the physical universe followed rational principles prove
The existence of God
Magic and science had long been associated with each other as two forms of…
intellectual pursuit
80% of accused witches were
Women
Economic balance of power shifted away from the Mediterranean countries
English, Dutch, and French Colonies in the New World
Between 1550-1600 the population of Europe increased
Introduction of new foods from America, crop rotation, and animal husbandry
French Calvinists
Huguerots
