Chapter 15 and 16- injuries and emergencies Flashcards
What is a muscle strain?
injuries where muscles work beyond their capacity, resulting in microscopic tears in the muscle fibers
What are the 3 grades of muscle sprains?
Grade 1- mild strain, few fibers are stretched or torn. injured muscle is tender and painful
Grade 2- moderate, large number of fibers are injured. more severe pain and tenderness, swelling, loss function
Grade 3- Complete tear, complete loss of muscle function, severe pain, swelling, tenderness
Ligament sprains usually occur when? and what are the most common joints?
With trauma like fall or sports.
Ankle, knee, thumb, finger, shoulder
What are the 3 grades for a ligament sprain?
Grade 1- little tenderness and swelling, minimal impairment, RICE
Grade 2- Moderate tenderness and swelling, decreased ROM, moderate impairment, RICE and evaluation
Grade 3- Significant swelling and tenderness, severe imapirment, immobilization, RICE, Doctor
What is overuse condition?
Tendinitis, bursitis, fascitis
What is the most common cartilege damage?
Damage to miniscus, which is shock absober
What are low or high impact fractures?
Low impact- short fall or repeated microtrauma, minor stress fracture.
High impact- disabling and require medical attention.
What are the 3 phases of the healing process?
- inflammation phase last for up to 6 days
- fibroblastic/proliferation phase 3 days- 21 days, wound fills with collagen that will form a scar.
- maturation.remodeling phase, day 21- 2years. remodel of scar, rebuild bone
What are signs and symptoms of inflamation?
Pain, swelling, redness, warmth, loss of function.
What is a shoulder strain/sprain?
the soft tissue structures get abnormally stretched or compressed. Can lead to rotator cuff tears.
Local pain that radiates down arm, some swleling and tenderness.
Does a sprain and strain involve a tendon or ligament?
Strain- tendon
Sprains- ligament
How should you manage a shoulder strain or sprain?
Avoid aggravating activities physical therapy Modalities from ice and heat Oral anti inflammatory cortisone injections
What happens in a rotator cuff injury
Individuals that engage in overhead movements.
Can be acute or chronic.
What is refered to as Tennis Elbow?
Lateral epicondylitis.
Overuse or trauma of the wrist extensors
What is called Golfer elbow?
Medial Epicondylitis
overuse or trauma of the wrist flexors
What is the most common compression symptome of the wrist?
Carpal tunnel syndrome.
Narrowing of the carpal tunnel due to inflamation
What is greater tronchanteric bursitis?
Painful inflamation of the tronchateric between the femur, gluteus medius, and IT band. From overuse pain or numbness from hip down to the lateral knee.
Need to focus on strengthening the Gluteus and hip rotator muscles
Need to focus on stretching IT band, hamstring, and quads
What is Ilitobial Band Syndrome and how is it usually caused>
Repetetive overuse syndrome distal portion of the IT band rubs against femur epicondylt.
primarily a training error
what is patellofemoral Pain Syndrome? (PFPS)
Anterior knee pain or runners knee. most common in runners. From overuse, bomechanical, and muscle dysfuntion.
What is infrapatellar tendinities?
Jumpers knee
inflamation of the patellar tendon at its insertion into distal end of patella and proximal tibia. From jumping sports.
what are shin splints and what are the two typoes?
General term to describe exertional leg pain.
Two types:
Medial tibial stress- posterior shin splints
Anterior shin splints
What are the 2 types of ankle sprains?
Lateral or inversion, roll ankle out
Medial or eversion, ankle goes in. Rare
How can you help achilis tendinities?
Calf stretches to get muscle to correct length
What is plantar fascitis?
Inflamation of the fascia of the foot. Most common cause of heel pain and heel spur.
how often should you update a clients medical records?
Every 3 months
What are the ABCs you should check for first in an emergency?
Airway, Breathing, Circulation, severe bleeding.
What is dyspnea?
Difficult and labored breathing. can be normal during exercise but can become life threatening.
what is the dyspnea scale?
1-4 1 mild and 4 is severe difficult must stop exercising.
How many deaths in america are caused by Cardiovascular disease?
1 in 3 deaths of american adults
How can you help someone that is havong a heart attack?
Dangerous if no help is given in the first 4 hours. the symptoms can be mild get to the doctor
What is syncope?
Fainting or the temporaary loss of consciuosness due to a lack of blood flow to the brain. From emotional stress, severe pain, dehydration, overheating, exaustion.
Usually benign but if associated with other symptoms can be life threatening.
What is a stroke?
3rd leading cause of death in the US. This is a blockage in a blood vessel in the brain
What are the warning signs for a stroke?
- Walk- victim off balance?
- Talk- Speech slurred or face droopy
- Reach- one side weak or numb
- See- vision all or partially lost
- Feel- is the victim headache severe
what is hyperglycemia?
Without enough insulin blood sugar becomes too high
What is hypoglycemia?
Low blood sugar.
common n exercise can be from not eating enough, vomiting, too much insulin. give them carbs like sugary drink
when is the best time to avoid hypoglycemia?
Morning, one to 3 hours after a meal. Because of growth hormone and cortisol fluctuating levels.
How muych can exercise raise body temp by?
4.5 degrees
What are some types of heat syndromes?
Heat edema- swelling of extremities
Head cramps- spasms that affect extremities and abdomen
Heat exhaustion- can’t continue exercise becasue elevated core temp
Heat Stroke- life threatening failure of body’s cooling mechanisms
what is the range your body’s temp can be to survive?
between 75 and 106 degrees
what is a seizure?
when there is abnormal or excessive electical activity in the brain
General or partial seizure.
what should you do if someone is having a seizure.
Do not restrain. But towel or blanket under head
Do not put anything in mouthC
Call EMS
What is an abrasion?
Scraping of tissue from a fall against a rough surface usually in one direction
What is an incision?
Clean cur to the skin from a tensile force/sharp edge
What is a laceration?
Jagged tear of the skin caused by shear and tensile force
What is an avulsion?
Severe laceration, with skin torn away from body
What is a puncture?
Penetration of the skin by an object
What are some signs of a concussion?
confusion and disorientation, amnesia, memory loss, headache, drowsiness, moss consciousness, unequal pupil size, nausea, vomiting, balance problems, blurry vision, sensitivity to light
What are the types of stress fractures?
Longitudinal, oblique, transverse, compression
What are contraindications for stretching?
A fracture site that is healing
Acute soft-tissue injury
Post-surgical conditions
Joint hypermobility
An area of infection
A hematoma or other indication of trauma
Pain in the affected area
Restrictions from the client’s doctor
Prolonged immobilization of muscles and connective tissue
Joint swelling (effusion) from trauma or disease
Presence of oseoporosis or rheumatoid arthritis
A history of prolonged corticosteroid use
`What is General Adaption syndrome?
A variety of stressful events led to a predictable increase in cortisol.
What are the stages of General adaption syndrome?
- the shock or alarm reaction involving cortisol secretion (2-3 weeks) fatigue, weakness, soreness
- the adaption or resistance phase week 4-6, major muscular adaptions
- Exhaustion phase, any time, inadequate repair
What is overloading?
Overloading the body’s physiological capacities in an effort to improve future performance
What are signs of overtraining?
- Decline of physical performance due to training.
- Elevated HR and Blood lactate levels
- Change in Appetite
- weight loss
- sleep disturbance
- colds or sore throats
- irritability, restlessness, anxious
- loss of motivation and vigor
- Lack of mental concentration
- Lack of appreciation
What causes DOMS?
tissue injury from excessive mechanical force, specifically eccentricc
24-48 hours after workout
What are signs of altitude sickness?
shortness of breath, headache, nausea, lightheadedness
