Cardio, Lymphatic, Endocrine, Respiratory systems Flashcards
Blood flows from the heart to what?
Arteries, capillaries, then veins
What is the liquid component of blood and what does it do?
Plasma
carries, hormones, proteins, food, ions, and gases through body.
Non liquid part of blood
Platlets
Three categories of Blood Vessels
arteries and arterioles, veins and venules, and capillaries
Arteries
carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart
Veins
return oxygen poor blood to the heart
Capillaries
provides sites for gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between blood and tissues. Very thin walls so allow exchange of material from blood and fluid between cells.
arteriosclerosis
hardening of arteries and narrowing of the arteries due to plaque accumulation.
Arterioles
smaller than arteries are microscopic vessels form a tree and eventually beds of smaller structures called capillaries
Venules
Blood comes from capillaries into small venuous vessels called venules. then into veins. then back to heart.
Cycle of oxygen rich blood away from heart then back.
Heart to Arteries, to arterioles, to capillaries, to venules, to veins, back to heart.
The left and right side of heart are seperated by what?
Inter-ventricular Septum. this prevents mixing of blood from two sides of heart.
Backflow of blood is stopped by which valves for the right and left ventricle?
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve in Right ventricle
Aortic Valve in the Left Ventricle
Blood from veins enter which atrium first?
Right atrium through Superior Vena Cava
After the Right Atrium and Ventricle where does the blood go?
Through the Pulmonary arteries into the lungs, which adds oxygen and gives off CO2.
What happens after oxygen rich blood comes back towards heart>
It comes through pulmonary veins into left atrium and left ventricle. Then pumped through aorta to the rest of the body.
What is the Cardiac cycle
The period from beginning of one heartbeat to beginning of next.
What happens to left and right atrium and ventricles when pump?
They pump at the same time. Both atrium and both ventricles contract at same time.
What is systole?
Systole is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle, where blood leaves the ventricles.
What is diastole?
Relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle where blood fills the ventricles.
What are the 7 parts of the respiratory system?
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
What are alveoli
Microscopic air sacs where gas exchange occurs.
How many liters of air do humans breath per minute at rest and during exercise?
5-6 liters of air during rest
and 20-30 liters of air per minute during exercise.
The bronchi branch into what?
Primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi. Then branch further into bronchioles and eventually end in alveoli.
the ribs encase the lungs, which is separated by what?
Mediastinum which contains heart, aorta, esophagus, and part of trachea.
What is the most important muscle of inspiration that is the only skeletal muscle essential for life?
The diaphragm. The diaphragm allows lungs to expand and airflow to enter lungs.
At rest what performs most of the inspiration?
The diaphragm
During exercise what other muscles help with inspiration?
Pectoralis minor, scalenes
During Expiration what muscles are used for normal times and exercise times?
During Rest Expiration occurs passively, requiring no assistance from other muscles.
During exercise Expiration becomes active and uses rectus abdominus, internal obliques, serratus posterior, , and internal intercostals.
What is the lymphatic system?
composed of capillaries, vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs, and serves to return excess fluid from blood back to bloodstream. Prevents swelling of the intercellular spaces.
What is Lymph fluid made of>
Similar to blood, no red blood cells or platlets, only white blood cells.
What are 4 functions of the lymphatic system?
- Deconstruction of bacteria and other foreign substance
- immune response aid in manufacturing antibodies to destroy bacteria.
- return of interstitial fluid to bloodstream.
- prevention of excess accumulation of tissue fluid and filtered proteins.
Cardiorespiratory endurance
Ability of heart and lungs to deliver blood and oxygen to working muscles during exercise.
Three processes to provide adequate blood and nutrients to the tissues?
- getting oxygen into blood (pulmonary ventilation)
- delivering oxygen to active tissues from cardiac output.
- extracting oxygen from blood to compete to complete metabolic process of ATP.
Oxygen carrying capacity is determined by what two principles?
- ability to adequately ventilate alveoli in the lungs
2. the hemoglobin concentrations in blood.
what are some causes of respiration issues?
Emphysema or asthma.
what is hemoglobin? Who would have low hemoglobin?
a protein in red blood cells that is specifically adapted to bond with oxygen molecules.
anemic people
What is the most important factor in cardiorespiratory endurance?
Delivery of blood to active cells from cardiac output.
What is the equation for cardiac output?
Cardiac output = HR X SV
How do HR and SV increase when exercising?
HR increases in linear fashion up to maximal exercise.
SV increases to 40-50% of maximal capacity and then plateaus.
The amount of oxygen extracted is a function of what?
Muscle fiber type and availability of oxidative enzymes.
Which type of muscle fibers are designed for oxygen extraction?
Slow twitch muscle fibers.
What is the Endocrine System?
Made up of various glands and is responsible for regulating the bodily activities through production of hormones.
How would you define hormones and what are the two categories?
They are chemical substances and are either steroid derived or hormones synthesized from amino acids.
Which gland is refered to as the Master Gland and where is it located?
The pituitary gland, it has regulatory functions on other endocrine glands and controls diverse bodily functions. It is located beneath brain and has anterior and posterior lobes.
Which hormone is an antidiuretic?
Vassopressin
What hormone stimulates the smooth muscles of the reproductive organs?
Ocytocin
Which hormones are gonadotropins and what do they do>
FSH and LH, they control the secretion of progestrone and estrogen in ovaries, and testosterone in testilces.
Which hormone Stimulates the Thyroid>
TSH, Thyroid stimulating hormone
Which hormone stimulates the adrenal gland?
ACTH- Adrenocorticortropin Hormons
Which hormone stimulates growth in the skeletal system and promotes metabolic functions?
Growth Hormone
Which hormone initiates and secrestes breast milk secretion?
Prolactin
What is the largest endocrine organ and where is it located>=?
Thyroid gland, it is located in front of the upper part of the trachea
Which hormones are iodine containing and regulates metabolism and oxygen consumption and heat production?
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine
Which hormone lowers blood calcium and phosphate levels by accelerating absorption of calcium by bones?
Calcitonin
what gland is located on the posterior surface of thyroid gland?
Parathyroid gland
What hormone raises plasma calcium levels and lowers plasma phosphate levels?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What Gland are two pyramid shaped organs located on border of each kidney and has 2 distinct parts?
Adrenal Gland
Which hormone affects carbohydrate metabolism, promoted hyperglycemia, constricts vessels in skin, dilates vesselsin skeletal system?
Epinephrine
What hormone increases heart rate and forceof contraction and constricts blood vessels in most of the body?
Norepinephrine
What hormone promotes reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the kidneys?
Mineralocortoids (Aldosterone)
What hormone promotes protein and triglyceride breakdown?
Cortisol, glutocorticoids
Which gland lies just below the stomach, produces digestive enzymes, and produces hormones that are involved in regulating carbohydrate metabolism?
Pancreas
Which hormone causes liver and muscle cells to take up glucose and store in the form of glycogen, encourages fat cells to take on blood lipids and turn them into triglycerides?
Insulin`
What hormone causes liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose to release into bloodstrean?
Glucagon
The pituitary gland is found where and releases which hormones?
Located beneath the brain antidiuretic hormone (vassopressin) oxytocin (contraction of uterous and intestines) FSH and LH Thyroid stimiuating hormone Adrenocortriotropin hormone Growth Hormone Prolactoin
the Thyroid gland is located where and releases which hormones?
Located upper portion of trachea
thyroxine and Thriiodothyine
calcitonin- decrease blood calcium level
Where is the Parathyroid located and what Hormone does it release?
Located on posterior surface of thyroid
Release Parathyroid hormone
Where is the adrenal gland located and what hormones does it release?
Located on border of each kidney
Catecholamines
aldosterone
cortisol
the pancreas is located where and what hormones does it release?
Just below the stomach
insulin
glucagon
How does exercise effect catecholamine output?
Catecholamine output decreases significantly during the first couple weeks of exercise because of lower resting heart rate and lower rise in blood pressure.
How does Exercise impact Cortisol levels?
Cortisol levels increase slightly
How does exercise impact Insulin?
Increased muscle sensitivity to insulin. the normal decrease in insulin in untrained individuals reduces with training.
How does exercise impact Glucagon?
smaller increase in glucose levels during exercise.
How does Exercise impact Growth Hormone?
No effect on resting values, and less dramatic rise during exercise.
How does Exercise impact Testerone?
Resistance training causes more testerone to be released.
What are the 3 stages of the general adaption syndrome?
- Shock or alarm phase- cortisol released
- Adaption or resistance, where body repairs
- Stage if exhaustion, repairs are made
What happens i the Shock phase?
Strength gains are contributed to neurommuscular adaptions
What happens in the adaption or resistance phase?
Progressive increase in muscle size and shape
What happens in exaustion phase?
similar to shock phase, but inadequate repair or recovery.
Cardiac output is defined as what?
Amount of blood pumped per minute
