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Medical Terminology > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

bones, muscles, and joints of the body

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2
Q

structural support and protection of internal organs

A

bones

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3
Q

muscles

A

internal and external movement

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4
Q

joints

A

where bones come together/type determined by need or flexibility

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5
Q

tendons

A

bind muscles to bone

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6
Q

ligaments

A

bind bones to other bones

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7
Q

ossification

A

replacement of cartilage with bone

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8
Q

osteoblast

A

produce immature bony tissue that replaces cartilage

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9
Q

osteocyte

A

nourishes and maintains bone

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10
Q

osteoclast

A

reabsorb or digest bone (remodels bone)

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11
Q

MD

A
  • Orthopedist
  • Rheumatologist
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12
Q

DO

A

Osteopathic physician

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13
Q

what work together to deposit and break down bone through life

A

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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14
Q

what is a source of calcium in our body

A

skeleton

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15
Q

what does proper formation of bone depend on

A
  • calcium
  • phosphorus
  • vitamin D
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16
Q

what helps create hard bone

A

calcium phosphate enzyme

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17
Q

why is calcium necessary

A

needed for nerve transmittal to muscle, including heart muscle and muscles attached to bone

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18
Q

how is calcium level maintained

A

maintained in blood by parathyroid gland which secretes a hormone to release calcium from bone

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19
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft

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20
Q

epiphysis

A

end

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21
Q

metaphysis

A

cone-like flared portion between end and shaft

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22
Q

epiphyseal line or plate

A

growth plate where cartilage replaced by bone for bone growth (in length)

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23
Q

interior bone structure includes:

A
  • articular bone
  • epiphyseal line or plate
  • cancellous bone
  • compact (cortical) bone
  • medullary cavity
  • periosteum
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24
Q

what do end of the bones being covered by articular cartilage in the joint allow

A

cushions joints and allows it to more smoothly

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25
Q

compact bone

A

contains haversian systems for blood vessels, nerves and yellow bone marrow (mostly fat)

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26
Q

cancellous (spongy/trabecular) bone

A

spaces contain red bone marrow with elements for blood formation

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27
Q

yellow marrow

A

chiefly flat

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28
Q

red marrow

A
  • rich with blood vessels and immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development
  • in later life replaces with yellow marrow
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29
Q

hematopoiesis

A

the production of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow

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30
Q

processes

A

serve as attaches for muscles, ligaments, and ligaments

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31
Q

depression

A

openings or hollow regions that help join bones or serve as passageways for nerves and/or vessels

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32
Q

facial bones

A
  • nasal bones
  • lacrimal bones
  • maxillary bones
  • mandibular bones
  • zygomatic bones
  • vomer
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33
Q

air cavities

A
  • located in facial and cranial bone
  • lighterb the skull
  • warm and moisten the air as it passes into the respiratory system
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34
Q

vertebrae

A

26 bone segments from the base of skull to tailbone in 5 divisions and separated by pads of cartilage called intervertebral discs

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35
Q

coccyx

A

tailbone

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36
Q

acetabulum

A

rounded depression in pelvis that joins the femur, forming the hip joint

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37
Q

acromion

A

outward extension of shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder

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38
Q

bone

A

dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton

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39
Q

bone depression

A

opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bons, or passageway for blood vessels and nerves

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40
Q

bone process

A

englarges area that extends from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

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41
Q

calcium

A

a mineral constituent of bone

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42
Q

cancellous bone

A

spongy, porous bone tissue in inner part if bone

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43
Q

cartilage

A

flexible, connective tissue

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44
Q

collagen

A

dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone ans other tissues

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45
Q

compact bone

A

hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around outer portion of bone

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46
Q

cranial bones

A

skull bones
- ethmoid
- frontal
- occipital
- parietal
- sphenoid
- temporal

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47
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft or mid-portion of a long bone

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48
Q

disc

A

flat, round, plate-like structure

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49
Q

epiphyseal plate

A
  • cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes in the immature skeleton
  • makes you taller
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50
Q

epiphysis

A
  • each end of a long bone
  • area beyond the epiphyseal plate
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51
Q

facial bones

A

bones of the face
- lacrimal
- mandibular
- maxillary
- nasal
- vomer
- zygomatic

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52
Q

fontanelle

A

soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant

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53
Q

foramen magnum

A

opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord pases

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54
Q

haversian canals

A
  • minute spaces filled with blood vessels
  • found in compact bone
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55
Q

ligament

A

fibrous connective tissue that binds bones to other

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56
Q

malleolus

A

round process on both sides of the ankle joint

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57
Q

manubrium

A

upper portion of the sternum

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58
Q

mastoid process

A

round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

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59
Q

medullary cavity

A

central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone

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60
Q

metaphysis

A

flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis and the epiphyseal

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61
Q

olecranon

A

large process on the proximal end of the ulna

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62
Q

orthopedist

A

medical doctor who specializes in bone, joint, and muscle conditions

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63
Q

osseous tissue

A

bone tissue

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64
Q

ossification

A

process of bone formation

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65
Q

ossification

A

process of bone formation

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66
Q

osteoblast

A

bone cell that helps form bony tissue

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67
Q

osteoclast

A

bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue

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68
Q

periosteum

A
  • membrane surrounding bones
  • rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue
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69
Q

phosphorous

A

mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium

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70
Q

physiatrist

A

medical doctor who specializes in rehabilitation

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71
Q

public symphysis

A

area of confluence of the two public boes in the pelvis

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72
Q

red bone marrow

A
  • found in cancellous bone
  • site of hematopoiesis
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73
Q

ribs

A

twelve pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall
- true ribs are the first 7 pairs
- false ribs are pairs 8-10
- floating ribs are pairs 11 and 12

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74
Q

sella turcica

A

depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located

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75
Q

sinus

A

hollow air cavity within a bone

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76
Q

styloid process

A

pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

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77
Q

suture

A

immovable joint between bones

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78
Q

temporomandibular joint

A

connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and the mandibular bone of the jaw

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79
Q

tendon

A

fibrous connective tissue that bods muscles to connective tissue

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80
Q

trabeculae

A

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous bone

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81
Q

vertebra

A

individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, and lamina

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82
Q

xiphoid process

A

lower, narrow portion of sternum

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83
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones

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84
Q

condyle

A

the knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint

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85
Q

ossification

A

the process of bone formation

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86
Q
  • calc/o
  • calci/o
A

calcium

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87
Q

kyph/o

A

posterior curvature in thoracic region

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88
Q

lamin/o

A

lamina

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89
Q

lord/o

A

curve

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90
Q

lumb/o

A
  • loins
  • lower back
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91
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

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92
Q

orth/o

A

straight

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93
Q

oste/o

A

bone

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94
Q

scoli/o

A

crooked

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95
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebra

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96
Q

vertebr/o

A

vertebra

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97
Q

-blast

A

embryonic cell

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98
Q

-clast

A

to break

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99
Q

-listhesis

A

slipping

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100
Q

-malacia

A

softening

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101
Q

-physis

A

to grow

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102
Q

-porosis

A
  • pore
  • passage
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103
Q

-tome

A

instrument to cut

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104
Q

acetabul/o

A

acetabulum (hip socket)

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105
Q

calcane/o

A

calcaneus (heal)

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106
Q

carp/o

A

carpals (wrist bones)

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107
Q

clavicul/o

A

clavicle (collar bone)

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108
Q

cost/o

A

ribs

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109
Q

crani/o

A

cranium (skull)

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110
Q

acetabulum

A

hip socket

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111
Q

calcaneous

A

heal

112
Q

carpals

A

wrist bones

113
Q

clavicle

A

collar bone

114
Q

cranium

A

skull

115
Q

femor/o

A

femur (thigh bones)

116
Q

fibul/o

A

fibula (smaller lower leg bone)

117
Q

humer/o

A

humerus (upper arm bone)

118
Q

ili/o

A

ilium (upper part of pelvic bone)

119
Q

ischi/o

A

ischium (part if pelvic bone)

120
Q

malleol/o

A

malleolus

121
Q

femur

A

thigh bones

122
Q

fibula

A

smaller lower leg bone

123
Q

humerus

A

upper arm bone

124
Q

ilium

A

upper part of pelvic bone

125
Q

ischium

A

part of pelvic bone

126
Q

mandibul/o

A

mandible (lower jaw bone)

127
Q

maxill/o

A

maxilla (upper jaw bone)

128
Q

metacarp/o

A

metacarpals (foot bones)

129
Q

metatars/o

A

metatarsals (foor bones)

130
Q

olecran/o

A

olecranon (elbow)

131
Q

patell/o

A

patella (kneecap)

132
Q

pelv/i

A

pelvis

133
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw bone

134
Q

maxilla

A

upper jaw bone

135
Q

metacarpals

A

hand bones

136
Q

metatarsals

A

foot bones

137
Q

olecranon

A

elbow

138
Q

patella

A

kneecap

139
Q

perone/o

A

fibula

140
Q

phalang/o

A

phalanges (finger, toe bones)

141
Q

pub/o

A

pubis

142
Q

radi/o

A

radius

143
Q

scapul/o

A

scapula (shoulder blade)

144
Q

phalanges

A
  • fingers
  • toe bones
145
Q

scapula

A

shoulder blade

146
Q

stern/o

A

sternum (breastbone)

147
Q

tars/o

A

tarsals

148
Q

tibi/o

A

tibia (shin bone)

149
Q

uln/o

A

ulna (lower arm bone)

150
Q

sternum

A

breastbone

151
Q

tibia

A

shin bone

152
Q

ulna

A

lower arm bone

153
Q

Ewing sarcoma

A

malignant bone tumor

154
Q

exostosis

A

bony growth on the surface of bone

155
Q

osteogenic sarcoma

A

malignant tumor arising from bone

156
Q

osteomalacia

A

softening of bone

157
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation secondary to infection

158
Q

talipes

A

congenital abnormality of hindfoot involving the talus (clubfoot)

159
Q

joint

A
  • articulation
  • coming together of two or more bones
  • types are: suture joints and synovial joints
160
Q

suture joints

A

immovable (ex: skull)

161
Q

synovial joints

A
  • freely movable (ex: ball and socket (hip or shoulder), hinge type (elbow knee, ankle))
  • joint capsule surrounds bone
  • ligaments band bones together
  • bones are covered by articular cartilage
  • synovial membrane lies under capsule and lines synovial cavity; filled with synovial fluid
  • a meniscus is a crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure that partly divides a join cavity; acts as a protective cushion; present in the knee
162
Q

bursae

A

Closed sacks of synovial fluid with a synovial membrane located near, but not within a joint. Needed where sliding must take place.
Common sites
- between tendons (connective tissue connecting muscle to bone) and bones
- between ligaments (binding bone to bone) and bones
- between skin and bones (with prominent boy anatomy)

163
Q

articular cartilage

A

smooth, glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint

164
Q

articulation

A

any type of joint

165
Q

bursa (plural is bursae)

A

sac of fluid near a joint

166
Q

ligament

A

fibrous connective bands binding bones to other bones

167
Q

meniscus

A

crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure found in the knee

168
Q

suture joint

A

immovable joint

169
Q

synovial cavity

A

space between bones at a synovial joint

170
Q

synovial fluid

A

viscous fluid within the synovial cavity

171
Q

synovial joint

A

freely movable joint

172
Q

synovial membrane

A
  • tissue lining the synovial cavity
  • produces synovial cavity
173
Q

tendon

A

fibrous connective bans that connect muscles to bones

174
Q

the fibrous connective band that binds muscle to bones is

A

tendon

175
Q

ankyl/o

A

stiff

176
Q

arthr/o

A

joint

177
Q

articul/o

A

joint

178
Q

burs/o

A

bursa

179
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

180
Q

ligament/o

A

ligament

181
Q

tendon

A

connective tissue connecting muscle to bone

182
Q

ligament

A

binding bone to bone

183
Q

rheumat/o

A

watery flow

184
Q

synov/o

A

synovial membrane

185
Q

ten/o

A

tendon

186
Q

tendin/o

A

tendon

187
Q

-desis

A
  • to bind
  • tie together
188
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing

189
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of any joint

190
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A

chronic progressive stiffening of joints, mostly spine

191
Q

Gouty arthritis

A

inflammation due to excessive uric acid in body

192
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA)

A
  • loss of articular cartilage and formation of bone spurs at articular surfaces
  • can occur in any joint, but mainly in spine, hips, and knees of older people
193
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

autoimmune reaction against joint tissues (synovial membrane)

194
Q

bunion

A

swelling of medial aspect of joint between big toe and first metatarsal bone

195
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

compression of median nerve as it passes between transverse ligament and bones and tendons of the wrist

196
Q

dislocation

A

displacement of bone from a joint

197
Q

Ganglion

A

a fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist

198
Q

Herniation of an intervertebral disc

A
  • abnormal protrusion of the disc into the neural cabal or against pronal nerves
  • “slipped disc”
199
Q

Lyme disease

A
  • recurrent arthritis, myalgia, malaise and neurologic and cardiac symptoms
  • often marked by a “bull’s eye” rash at the site of the tick bite
200
Q

sprain

A

trauma to joints with pain, swelling, and injury to ligaments without rupture

201
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

chronic inflammatory disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart and lungs affecting collagen in tendon, ligaments, bones, and cartilage all over the body

202
Q

types of muscle

A
  • striated muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
203
Q

striated muscle

A
  • under voluntary control
  • they move all the bones as well as face and eyes
204
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • control is involuntary
  • they move internal organs (digestive tract, blood vessels, ducts of glands)
205
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • not consciously controlled
  • exclusively in the heart
206
Q

actions of skeletal muscles

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • rotation
  • dorsiflexion
  • plantar flexion
  • supination
  • pronation
207
Q

abduction

A

movement away from midline of body

208
Q

adduction

A

movement toward midline of body

209
Q

dorsiflexion

A

upper movement of the foot

210
Q

extension

A

straightening of a flexed limb

211
Q

fascia

A

fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles

212
Q

flexion

A

downward movement of the foot

213
Q

insertion of a muscle

A

connection of the muscle to a bone that moves

214
Q

origin of a muscle

A

connection of the muscle to a stationary bone

215
Q

plantar flexion

A

bending the sole of the foot downward toward the ground

216
Q

pronation

A

turning the palm downward

217
Q

rotation

A

circular movement around a central point

218
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • muscle connected to bones
  • voluntary or striated muscle
219
Q

smooth muscle

A

visceral muscle

220
Q

striated muscle

A

skeletal muscle

221
Q

supination

A

turning the palm upward

222
Q

visceral muscle

A
  • muscle connected to internal organs
  • involuntary or smooth muscle
223
Q

fasci/o

A

fascia

224
Q

fibr/o

A

fibrous

225
Q

leiomy/o

A

smooth muscle

226
Q

my/o

A

muscle

227
Q

myocardi/o

A

heart muscle

228
Q

myos/o

A

muscle

229
Q

plant/o

A

sole of the foot

230
Q

rhabdomy/o

A

skeletal muscle connected to bones

231
Q

sarco

A

muscles and flesh

232
Q

-asthenia

A

lack of strength

233
Q

-trophy

A
  • development
  • nourishment
234
Q

ab-

A

away from

235
Q

ad-

A

toward

236
Q

dorsi-

A

back

237
Q

poly-

A
  • many
  • much
238
Q

laboratory tests

A
  • Antinucular antibody test (ANA)
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
  • Rheumatoid factor test (RF)
  • Serum calcium (Ca)
  • Serum creatine kinase (CK)
  • Uric acid test
239
Q

Antinuclear antibody test

A

ANA

240
Q

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

A

ESR

241
Q

Rheumatoid factor test

A

RF

242
Q

Serum calcium

A

Ca

243
Q

Serum creatine kinase

A

CK

244
Q

Acromioclavicular (joint)

A

AC

245
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament of the knee

A

ACL

246
Q

Antinucular antibody

A

ANA

247
Q

Below-knee amputation

A

BKA

248
Q

Bone mineral density

A

BMD

249
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

C1 to C7

250
Q

Calcium

A

Ca

251
Q

Creatine kinase

A

CK

252
Q

Carpometacarpal (joint)

A

CMC

253
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

CTS

254
Q

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

A

DEXA or DXA

255
Q

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug

A

DMARD

256
Q

doctor of osteopathy

A

DO

257
Q

Deep tendon reflexes

A

DTRs

258
Q

Electromyography

A

EMG

259
Q

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

A

ESR (sed rate)

260
Q

Herniated nucleus pulposus

A

HNP

261
Q

Intramuscular

A

IM

262
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

L1 to L5

263
Q

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

A

NSAID

264
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

OA

265
Q

Open reduction (or fracture)/ internal fixation

A

ORIF

266
Q

orthopedics (or orthopaedics)

A

ortho

267
Q

Occupational therapy

A

OT

268
Q

Phosphorous

A

P

269
Q

Physical therapy

A

PT

270
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

RF

271
Q

Range of motion

A

ROM

272
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus

A

SLE

273
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

T1 to T12

274
Q

Total knee replacement/ arthroplasty

A

TKR

275
Q

total hip replacement/ arthroplasty

A

THR

276
Q

Temporomandibular joint

A

TMJ

277
Q

Rheumatoid fracture

A

RF

Medical Terminology (39 decks)

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