Chapter 15 Flashcards
musculoskeletal system
bones, muscles, and joints of the body
structural support and protection of internal organs
bones
muscles
internal and external movement
joints
where bones come together/type determined by need or flexibility
tendons
bind muscles to bone
ligaments
bind bones to other bones
ossification
replacement of cartilage with bone
osteoblast
produce immature bony tissue that replaces cartilage
osteocyte
nourishes and maintains bone
osteoclast
reabsorb or digest bone (remodels bone)
MD
- Orthopedist
- Rheumatologist
DO
Osteopathic physician
what work together to deposit and break down bone through life
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
what is a source of calcium in our body
skeleton
what does proper formation of bone depend on
- calcium
- phosphorus
- vitamin D
what helps create hard bone
calcium phosphate enzyme
why is calcium necessary
needed for nerve transmittal to muscle, including heart muscle and muscles attached to bone
how is calcium level maintained
maintained in blood by parathyroid gland which secretes a hormone to release calcium from bone
diaphysis
shaft
epiphysis
end
metaphysis
cone-like flared portion between end and shaft
epiphyseal line or plate
growth plate where cartilage replaced by bone for bone growth (in length)
interior bone structure includes:
- articular bone
- epiphyseal line or plate
- cancellous bone
- compact (cortical) bone
- medullary cavity
- periosteum
what do end of the bones being covered by articular cartilage in the joint allow
cushions joints and allows it to more smoothly
compact bone
contains haversian systems for blood vessels, nerves and yellow bone marrow (mostly fat)
cancellous (spongy/trabecular) bone
spaces contain red bone marrow with elements for blood formation
yellow marrow
chiefly flat
red marrow
- rich with blood vessels and immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development
- in later life replaces with yellow marrow
hematopoiesis
the production of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow
processes
serve as attaches for muscles, ligaments, and ligaments
depression
openings or hollow regions that help join bones or serve as passageways for nerves and/or vessels
facial bones
- nasal bones
- lacrimal bones
- maxillary bones
- mandibular bones
- zygomatic bones
- vomer
air cavities
- located in facial and cranial bone
- lighterb the skull
- warm and moisten the air as it passes into the respiratory system
vertebrae
26 bone segments from the base of skull to tailbone in 5 divisions and separated by pads of cartilage called intervertebral discs
coccyx
tailbone
acetabulum
rounded depression in pelvis that joins the femur, forming the hip joint
acromion
outward extension of shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder
bone
dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton
bone depression
opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bons, or passageway for blood vessels and nerves
bone process
englarges area that extends from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
calcium
a mineral constituent of bone
cancellous bone
spongy, porous bone tissue in inner part if bone
cartilage
flexible, connective tissue
collagen
dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone ans other tissues
compact bone
hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around outer portion of bone
cranial bones
skull bones
- ethmoid
- frontal
- occipital
- parietal
- sphenoid
- temporal
diaphysis
shaft or mid-portion of a long bone
disc
flat, round, plate-like structure
epiphyseal plate
- cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes in the immature skeleton
- makes you taller
epiphysis
- each end of a long bone
- area beyond the epiphyseal plate
facial bones
bones of the face
- lacrimal
- mandibular
- maxillary
- nasal
- vomer
- zygomatic
fontanelle
soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant
foramen magnum
opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord pases
haversian canals
- minute spaces filled with blood vessels
- found in compact bone
ligament
fibrous connective tissue that binds bones to other
malleolus
round process on both sides of the ankle joint
manubrium
upper portion of the sternum
mastoid process
round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear
medullary cavity
central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone
metaphysis
flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis and the epiphyseal
olecranon
large process on the proximal end of the ulna
orthopedist
medical doctor who specializes in bone, joint, and muscle conditions
osseous tissue
bone tissue
ossification
process of bone formation
ossification
process of bone formation
osteoblast
bone cell that helps form bony tissue
osteoclast
bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue
periosteum
- membrane surrounding bones
- rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue
phosphorous
mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium
physiatrist
medical doctor who specializes in rehabilitation
public symphysis
area of confluence of the two public boes in the pelvis
red bone marrow
- found in cancellous bone
- site of hematopoiesis
ribs
twelve pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall
- true ribs are the first 7 pairs
- false ribs are pairs 8-10
- floating ribs are pairs 11 and 12
sella turcica
depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located
sinus
hollow air cavity within a bone
styloid process
pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull
suture
immovable joint between bones
temporomandibular joint
connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and the mandibular bone of the jaw
tendon
fibrous connective tissue that bods muscles to connective tissue
trabeculae
supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous bone
vertebra
individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, and lamina
xiphoid process
lower, narrow portion of sternum
yellow bone marrow
fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones
condyle
the knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint
ossification
the process of bone formation
- calc/o
- calci/o
calcium
kyph/o
posterior curvature in thoracic region
lamin/o
lamina
lord/o
curve
lumb/o
- loins
- lower back
myel/o
bone marrow
orth/o
straight
oste/o
bone
scoli/o
crooked
spondyl/o
vertebra
vertebr/o
vertebra
-blast
embryonic cell
-clast
to break
-listhesis
slipping
-malacia
softening
-physis
to grow
-porosis
- pore
- passage
-tome
instrument to cut
acetabul/o
acetabulum (hip socket)
calcane/o
calcaneus (heal)
carp/o
carpals (wrist bones)
clavicul/o
clavicle (collar bone)
cost/o
ribs
crani/o
cranium (skull)
acetabulum
hip socket
calcaneous
heal
carpals
wrist bones
clavicle
collar bone
cranium
skull
femor/o
femur (thigh bones)
fibul/o
fibula (smaller lower leg bone)
humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
ili/o
ilium (upper part of pelvic bone)
ischi/o
ischium (part if pelvic bone)
malleol/o
malleolus
femur
thigh bones
fibula
smaller lower leg bone
humerus
upper arm bone
ilium
upper part of pelvic bone
ischium
part of pelvic bone
mandibul/o
mandible (lower jaw bone)
maxill/o
maxilla (upper jaw bone)
metacarp/o
metacarpals (foot bones)
metatars/o
metatarsals (foor bones)
olecran/o
olecranon (elbow)
patell/o
patella (kneecap)
pelv/i
pelvis
mandible
lower jaw bone
maxilla
upper jaw bone
metacarpals
hand bones
metatarsals
foot bones
olecranon
elbow
patella
kneecap
perone/o
fibula
phalang/o
phalanges (finger, toe bones)
pub/o
pubis
radi/o
radius
scapul/o
scapula (shoulder blade)
phalanges
- fingers
- toe bones
scapula
shoulder blade
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
tars/o
tarsals
tibi/o
tibia (shin bone)
uln/o
ulna (lower arm bone)
sternum
breastbone
tibia
shin bone
ulna
lower arm bone
Ewing sarcoma
malignant bone tumor
exostosis
bony growth on the surface of bone
osteogenic sarcoma
malignant tumor arising from bone
osteomalacia
softening of bone
osteomyelitis
inflammation secondary to infection
talipes
congenital abnormality of hindfoot involving the talus (clubfoot)
joint
- articulation
- coming together of two or more bones
- types are: suture joints and synovial joints
suture joints
immovable (ex: skull)
synovial joints
- freely movable (ex: ball and socket (hip or shoulder), hinge type (elbow knee, ankle))
- joint capsule surrounds bone
- ligaments band bones together
- bones are covered by articular cartilage
- synovial membrane lies under capsule and lines synovial cavity; filled with synovial fluid
- a meniscus is a crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure that partly divides a join cavity; acts as a protective cushion; present in the knee
bursae
Closed sacks of synovial fluid with a synovial membrane located near, but not within a joint. Needed where sliding must take place.
Common sites
- between tendons (connective tissue connecting muscle to bone) and bones
- between ligaments (binding bone to bone) and bones
- between skin and bones (with prominent boy anatomy)
articular cartilage
smooth, glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint
articulation
any type of joint
bursa (plural is bursae)
sac of fluid near a joint
ligament
fibrous connective bands binding bones to other bones
meniscus
crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure found in the knee
suture joint
immovable joint
synovial cavity
space between bones at a synovial joint
synovial fluid
viscous fluid within the synovial cavity
synovial joint
freely movable joint
synovial membrane
- tissue lining the synovial cavity
- produces synovial cavity
tendon
fibrous connective bans that connect muscles to bones
the fibrous connective band that binds muscle to bones is
tendon
ankyl/o
stiff
arthr/o
joint
articul/o
joint
burs/o
bursa
chondr/o
cartilage
ligament/o
ligament
tendon
connective tissue connecting muscle to bone
ligament
binding bone to bone
rheumat/o
watery flow
synov/o
synovial membrane
ten/o
tendon
tendin/o
tendon
-desis
- to bind
- tie together
-stenosis
narrowing
arthritis
inflammation of any joint
Ankylosing spondylitis
chronic progressive stiffening of joints, mostly spine
Gouty arthritis
inflammation due to excessive uric acid in body
Osteoarthritis (OA)
- loss of articular cartilage and formation of bone spurs at articular surfaces
- can occur in any joint, but mainly in spine, hips, and knees of older people
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
autoimmune reaction against joint tissues (synovial membrane)
bunion
swelling of medial aspect of joint between big toe and first metatarsal bone
Carpal tunnel syndrome
compression of median nerve as it passes between transverse ligament and bones and tendons of the wrist
dislocation
displacement of bone from a joint
Ganglion
a fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist
Herniation of an intervertebral disc
- abnormal protrusion of the disc into the neural cabal or against pronal nerves
- “slipped disc”
Lyme disease
- recurrent arthritis, myalgia, malaise and neurologic and cardiac symptoms
- often marked by a “bull’s eye” rash at the site of the tick bite
sprain
trauma to joints with pain, swelling, and injury to ligaments without rupture
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
chronic inflammatory disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart and lungs affecting collagen in tendon, ligaments, bones, and cartilage all over the body
types of muscle
- striated muscle
- smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle
striated muscle
- under voluntary control
- they move all the bones as well as face and eyes
smooth muscle
- control is involuntary
- they move internal organs (digestive tract, blood vessels, ducts of glands)
cardiac muscle
- not consciously controlled
- exclusively in the heart
actions of skeletal muscles
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- rotation
- dorsiflexion
- plantar flexion
- supination
- pronation
abduction
movement away from midline of body
adduction
movement toward midline of body
dorsiflexion
upper movement of the foot
extension
straightening of a flexed limb
fascia
fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles
flexion
downward movement of the foot
insertion of a muscle
connection of the muscle to a bone that moves
origin of a muscle
connection of the muscle to a stationary bone
plantar flexion
bending the sole of the foot downward toward the ground
pronation
turning the palm downward
rotation
circular movement around a central point
skeletal muscle
- muscle connected to bones
- voluntary or striated muscle
smooth muscle
visceral muscle
striated muscle
skeletal muscle
supination
turning the palm upward
visceral muscle
- muscle connected to internal organs
- involuntary or smooth muscle
fasci/o
fascia
fibr/o
fibrous
leiomy/o
smooth muscle
my/o
muscle
myocardi/o
heart muscle
myos/o
muscle
plant/o
sole of the foot
rhabdomy/o
skeletal muscle connected to bones
sarco
muscles and flesh
-asthenia
lack of strength
-trophy
- development
- nourishment
ab-
away from
ad-
toward
dorsi-
back
poly-
- many
- much
laboratory tests
- Antinucular antibody test (ANA)
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- Rheumatoid factor test (RF)
- Serum calcium (Ca)
- Serum creatine kinase (CK)
- Uric acid test
Antinuclear antibody test
ANA
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ESR
Rheumatoid factor test
RF
Serum calcium
Ca
Serum creatine kinase
CK
Acromioclavicular (joint)
AC
Anterior cruciate ligament of the knee
ACL
Antinucular antibody
ANA
Below-knee amputation
BKA
Bone mineral density
BMD
Cervical vertebrae
C1 to C7
Calcium
Ca
Creatine kinase
CK
Carpometacarpal (joint)
CMC
Carpal tunnel syndrome
CTS
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
DEXA or DXA
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
DMARD
doctor of osteopathy
DO
Deep tendon reflexes
DTRs
Electromyography
EMG
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ESR (sed rate)
Herniated nucleus pulposus
HNP
Intramuscular
IM
Lumbar vertebrae
L1 to L5
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
NSAID
Osteoarthritis
OA
Open reduction (or fracture)/ internal fixation
ORIF
orthopedics (or orthopaedics)
ortho
Occupational therapy
OT
Phosphorous
P
Physical therapy
PT
Rheumatoid arthritis
RF
Range of motion
ROM
Systemic lupus erythematosus
SLE
Thoracic vertebrae
T1 to T12
Total knee replacement/ arthroplasty
TKR
total hip replacement/ arthroplasty
THR
Temporomandibular joint
TMJ
Rheumatoid fracture
RF
