Ch 14 - lymphatic system Flashcards
- the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them
- Humoral (B cells) and cell-mediated immunity (T cells) are examples
adaptive immunity
mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx
adenoids
protien produced by B cells to destroy antigens
antibody
- substance that the body recognizes as foreign
- evokes an immune response
- most are proteins or protein fragments found on the surface of bacteria, viruses, or organ transplant tissue cells
antigen
lymph nodes in the armpit (underarm)
axillary nodes
- lymphocyte that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies
- the B refers the bone marrow, which is where most of these cells most often originate
B cells (B lymphocytes)
- T cells (cytotoxic, helper, and suppressor) respond to antigens and destroy them
- a type of adaptive immunity
cell-mediated immunity
types of T cells
- cytotoxic
- helper
- suppressor
lymph nodes in the neck region
cervical nodes
set of proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target
complement system
- proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction
- examples are interferons and interleukins
cytokines
- lymphocyte that directly kills antigens
- called (CD8+) T cell
cytotoxic T cells
- antigen-presenting cell
- shows what T and B cells what to attack
dendritic cell
- lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells
- (CD4+) T cell
helper T cell
- B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens
- type of adaptive immunity
Humoral immunity
body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs
immunity
- antibodies such as IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, and IgD
- secreted by plasma cells (mature B cells) in response to the presence of an antigen
immunoglobulins
use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat disease
immunotherapy
lymph nodes in the groin region
inguinal nodes
proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response
interferons
proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes
interleukins
- fluid in the space between cells
- this fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries
interstitial fluid
thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body
lymph
tiniest lymphatic vessels
lymph capillaries
- carrier of lymph throughout that body
- empty lymph into veins in the upper part of the chest
lymph vessel
- lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland
- tonsils and adenoids are other examples
lymphoid organs
collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels
contains cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) that fight infection
lymph node
large phagocyte found in lymph node and other tissues of the body
macrophage
phag/o
- to eat
- swallow
lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the chest cavity
mediastinal nodes
lymph nodes in the mesentery (intestinal region)
mesenteric nodes
- antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells
- useful in immunotherapy
monoclonal antibody
- protection that an individual is born with to fight infection such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells
- it is not antigen specific and does not elicit memory
natural immunity
lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar (waist) area of the body
paraaortic nodes
- lymphocyte that secretes antibodies
- it matures from B lymphocytes
plasma cell
- lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of the body
- it empties lymph into a large vein in the neck
right lymphatic duct
organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn-out red blood cells, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood
spleen
- lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T cells
- also called a Treg (regulatory T cell)
suppressor T cell
lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons and interleukins that are toxic to antigens
T cell (T lymphocyte)
ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body’s own antigens as “self” or friendly
after this is established, the immune system will not react against the body’s own cells
tolerance
- large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body (head, neck, arm, and chest)
- it empties lymph into large veins in the neck
thoracic duct
lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response
thymus gland
masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx
tonsils
- poison
- a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants
toxin
- exposures of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that proves an immune response
- the response will destroy any cell that possesses the antigen on its surface and will protect against infection
vaccination
- weakened or dead antigen is given to induce production of antibodies
- this results in adaptive immunity
vaccine
immun/o
protection
lymph/o
lymph
lymphaden/o
lymph node (gland)
splen/o
spleen
thym/o
thymus gland
tox/o
poison
ana-
- again
- anew
inter-
between
- group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems
- is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen
allergy
malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
lymphoma
malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes
Hodgkin lymphoma
- these include follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma
- are mostly B cell lymphomas and rarely T cell malignancies
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
malignant tumor of bone marrow cells
multiple myeloma
tumor of the thymus gland
thymoma
- substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction
- a type of antigen
allergen
exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substances
anaphylaxis
hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition
atopy
helper T cells that carry the CD4 protein antigens on their surface
CD4+ cells
- malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in spleen and lymph nodes
- Reed-Sternberg cells are often found on microscopic analysis
Hodgkin lymphoma
virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
malignant lesion associated with AIDS
arises from the lining of capillaries and appears as wed, purple, brown, or black skin modules
Kaposi sarcoma
group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue
non-Hodgkin lymphomas
infectious diseases associated with AIDS
they occur because HIV infection lowers the body’s resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that are normally easily contained
opportunistic infections
drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps create new viral pieces for HIV
protease inhibitor
drug that treats AIDS by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV
reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI)
weight loss, decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity
associated with AIDS
wasting syndrome
measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream of patient with AIDS
CD4+ cell count
test that separates immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD)
immunoelectrophoresis
screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream
ELISA
measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream
viral load test
x-ray imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures
computed tomography scan (CT scan
causes opportunistic AIDS related infections
cytomegalovirus
causes opportunistic AIDS related infections
cryptococcus
use of combinations of drugs that are effective against AIDS
HAART(highly active antiretroviral therapy)
fungal infections seen in AIDS patients
Histo
parasitic infection associated with AIDS
toxoplasmosis
