Ch 5 Flashcards
passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream
absorption
small building block of proteins, released when proteins are digested
amino acids
enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch
amylase
terminal end or opening if the digestive tract to the outside of the body
anus
blind pouch hanging from the cecum
appendix
digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
bile
pigment released by the liver in bile
bilirubin
intestine
bowel
pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors
canine teeth
first part of the large intestine
cecum
portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments
colon
carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum
common bile duct
elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus
defecation
swallowing
deglultition
- primary material found in teeth
- it is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root
dentin
breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
digestion
- first part of the small intestine
- measures 12 inches long
duodenum
- removal of materials from the body
- in the digestive system
- the removal of indigestible material as feces
elimination
- breaking up large fat globules into small globules
- increases the surface area that enzymes can use to digestive fat
emulsification
hard, outermost layer of a tooth
enamel
chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances
enzyme
tube connecting the throat to the stomach
esophagus
substances produced when fats are digested
fatty acids
- solid waste
- stool
feces
- small sac under the liver
- stores bile
gallbladder
simple sugar
glucose
starch
glucose is stored in the form of this in liver cells
glycogen
- substance produced in the stomach
- aids digestion
hydrochloric acid
third part of the small intestine
ileum
any one of four front teeth in the dental arch
incisor
- hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas
- it helps transport sugar into body cells
insulin
second part of the small intestine
jejunum
pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
lipase
- large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen
- it secretes bile
- it stores sugar, iron, and vitamins
- it produces blood proteins
- it destroys worn-out red blood cells
- it filters out toxins
liver
- ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach
- also called the cardiac sphincter
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
chewing
mastication
three large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth, on either side of the dental arch
molar teeth
two teeth before the molars
premolar teeth
roof if the mouth
palate
lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jawbone (maxilla)
hard palate
is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat
soft palate
- organ behind the stomach
- produces insulin and enzymes
pancreas
- small projections on the tongue
- taste buds are located within
papillae
salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
parotid gland
rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs
peristalsis
- throat
- the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose
pharynx
large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
portal vein
enzyme that digests protein
protease
- soft tissue within a tooth
- containing nerves and blood vessels
pulp
- ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum
- it is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it
pyloric sphincter
- distal region of the stomach
- opening to the duodenum
pylorus
last section of the large intestine, connect the end of the colon and the anus
rectum
ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
rugae
digestive juice produced by salivary glands
contains the enzyme amylase
saliva
begins the digestion of starch to sugar
amylase
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands
salivary glands
- lower s-shaped segment of the colon just before the rectum
- empties into the rectum
sigmoid colon
circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
sphincter
muscular organ that recieves food from the esophagus
stomach
fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol
triglycerides
soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate
uvula
microscopic projections in the wall of the intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
villi
an/o
anus
append/o
appendic/o
appendix
bucc/o
cheek
cec/o
cecum
celi/o
- belly
- abdomen
cheil/o
lip
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
choledoch/o
common bile duct
col/o
colon/o
colon
duoden/o
duodenum
dent/i
tooth
enter/o
intestines (usually small intestine)
esophag/o
esophagus
fac/i
face
gastr/o
stomach
gingiv/o
gums
gloss/o
tongue
hepat/o
liver
ile/o
ileum
jejun/o
jejunum
labi/o
lip
lapar/o
abdomen
lingu/o
tounge
mandibul/o
- lower jaw
- mandible
odont/o
tooth
or/o
mouth
palat/o
palate
pancreat/o
pancreas
peritone/o
peritoneum
pharyng/o
throat
proct/o
anus and rectum
pylor/o
pyloric sphincter
rect/o
rectum
sialaden/o
salivary gland
sigmoid/o
sigmoid gland
stomat/o
mouth
uvul/o
uvula
amyl/o
starch
bil/o
- gall
- bile
bilirubin/o
bilirubin (bile pigment)
chol/e
- gall
- bile
chorhydr/o
hydrochloric acid
gluc/o
glyc/o
sugar
glycogen/o
- glycogen
- animal starch
lip/o
- fat
- lipid
lith/o
stone
prote/o
protien
py/o
pus
sial/o
- saliva
- salivary
steat/o
fat
-ase
enzyme
-chezia
- defecation
- elimination of wastes
-iasis
abnormal condition
-prandial
meal
lack of appetite
anorexia
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
ascites
rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract
borborygmi
difficulty in passing stools
constipation
frequent passage of loose, watery stools
diarrhea
difficulty in swallowing
dysphagia
gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
eructation
gas expelled through the anus
flatus
passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum
hematochezia
yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood
jaundice
- black, tarry stools
- feces containing digested blood
melena
unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit
nausea
fat in the feces
steatorrhea
inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers
aphthous stomatitis
tooth decay
dental caries
inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpes virus
herpetic stomatitis
white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
oral leukoplakia
inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
periodontal disease
failure of the lower esophagus sphincter muscle to relax
achalasia
malignant tumor of the esophagus
esophageal cancer
swollen vericose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
esophageal varices
malignant tumor of the stomach
gastric cancer
solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it
hernia
open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
hernia
open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
peptic ulcer
abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
anal fistula
polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
colonic polyps
adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both
colorectal cancer
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
Crohn disease (Crohn’s)
abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall of the colon
diverticulosis
painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection
dysentery
swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region
hemorrhoids
loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
ileus
inflammation of the colon and small intestines
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
telescoping of the intestines
intussusception
group of GI symptoms without structural abnormalities in the intestines
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
ulcerative colitis
twisting of the intestine on itself
volvulus
gallstones in the gallbladder
cholelithiasis
chronic degenerative disease of the liver
cirrhosis
liver cancer
hepatocellular carcinoma
malignant tumor of the pancreas
pancreatic cancer
inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
viral hepatitis
