CHAPTER 15

Question 1

Mental disorder

Answer 1

A persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behaviour, thoughts or motions that causes significant distress or impairment
- Have problems with perception, memory, motivation, learning, thinking and social processes

Question 2

Medical model

Answer 2

An approach that conceptualizes abnormal psychological experiences as illnesses that, like physical illness have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms and possible cures

Question 3

Diagnosis

Answer 3

signs and symptoms

Question 4

signs

Answer 4

objectively observed indicators of a disorder

Question 5

symptoms

Answer 5

subjectively reported behaviours, thoughts and emotions

Question 6

disorder

Answer 6

Is a common set of signs and symptoms

Question 7

Disease

Answer 7

Is a known pathological process affecting the body

Question 8

Diagnosis

Answer 8

Is a determination as to whether a disorder or disease is present

Question 9

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorder (DSM)

Answer 9

Produced by APA
a classification system that describes the symptoms used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems.
22 major categories, more than 200 mental disorders
Another established system to classify mental disorders
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) produced by the World Health Organization

Question 10

Comorbidity

Answer 10

The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

Question 11

Biopsychosocial perspective

Answer 11

that explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors
On the biological side, the focus is on genetic and epigenetic influences, biochemical imbalances, and abnormalities in brain structure and function. The psychological perspective focuses on maladaptive learning and coping, cognitive biases, dysfunctional attitudes, and interpersonal problems. Social factors include poor socialization, stressful life experiences, and cultural and social inequities

Question 12

Diathesis- stress model

Answer 12

*the pic
suggests that a person may be predisposed to a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

Question 13

Research domain criteria project (RDoc)

Answer 13

a new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them

Question 14

Anxiety disorder

Answer 14

the class of mental disorders in which anxiety is the predominant feature.

Question 15

Phobic disorders

Answer 15

characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations.

Question 16

Specific phobia

Answer 16

an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function
- Animals, natural environments, situations, blood/ injections/injury, other phobias

Question 17

social phobia

Answer 17

involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed.

Question 18

Preparedness theory

Answer 18

which maintains that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears.
Martin E.P Seligman - can be conditioned to fear certain stimuli and not others
People with phobias have higher levels of activity in the amygdala

Question 19

Panic disorder

Answer 19

characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror

Question 20

Agoraphobia

Answer 20

a specific phobia involving fear of public places

Question 21

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Answer 21

chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.

Question 22

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 22

in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviours (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning.

Question 23

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 23

characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind.
Heightened activity in the amygdala, decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex, a smaller hippocampus (memory place) - causation problem

Question 24

mood disorder

Answer 24

Mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature and take two main forms: depression and bipolar disorder

Question 25

Major depressive disorder (or unipolar depression)

Answer 25

Characterized be a severely depressed mood and/or inability to experience pleasure that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbance
Persistent depressive disorder - the same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but they are less severe and last longer- for at least 2 years
Double depression - moderately depressed moors for at least 2 years, punctuated by periods of major depression
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Question 26

schizophrenia

Answer 26

is a psychotic disorder (psychosis is a break from reality) characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behaviour.

Question 27

Positive symptoms

Answer 27

of schizophrenia include thoughts and behaviours, such as delusions and hallucinations, not seen in those without the disorder:

Question 28

Hallucinations

Answer 28

false perceptual experiences that have a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation.

Question 29

Delusions

Answer 29

false beliefs, often bizarre and grandiose, that are maintained in spite of their irrationality

Question 30

Disorganized speech

Answer 30

severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently among unrelated topics.

Question 31

Grossly disorganized behaviour

Answer 31

is behaviour that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances

Question 32

Catatonic behaviour

Answer 32

a marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity.
positive symptoms

Question 33

Negative symptoms

Answer 33

deficits in or disruptions of normal emotions and behaviours.
- Social and emotional withdrawal
- Insufficiency of normal behaviour, motivation and emotion

Question 34

Cognitive symptoms

Answer 34

deficits in cognitive abilities, specifically in executive functioning, attention, and working memory.

Question 35

Dopamine hypothesis

Answer 35

The idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity

Question 36

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Answer 36

a condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits, as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviours, interests, or activities

Question 37

Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 37

is a persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause significant impairments in functioning

Question 38

Conduct disorder

Answer 38

is a condition in which a child or adolescent engages in a persistent pattern of deviant behaviour involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious rule violations.

Question 39

Personality disorder

Answer 39

enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired functioning.

Question 40

Antisocial personality disorder

Answer 40

a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood.

Question 41

Suicide

Answer 41

intentional self-inflicted death

Question 42

Suicide attempt

Answer 42

potentially harmful behaviour with some intention of dying

Question 43

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)

Answer 43

direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue in the absence of any intent to die