CHAPTER 13 Flashcards
social psychology
is the study of the causes and consequences of sociality
interpersonal behaviour and interpersonal attraction
aggression
behaviour whose purpose is to harm another
frustration-aggression hypothesis
suggests that animals aggress when their goals are frustrated
proactive aggression
aggression that is planned and purposeful
reactive aggression
aggression that occurs spontaneously in response to a negative affective state
cooperation
behaviour by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit
why is cooperation risky
prisoner’s dilemma, is dependent on both parities being cooperative then both would get the benefit
group
a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others
prejudice
an evaluation of another person based solely on his or her group membership
common knowledge effect
the tendency for group discussion to focus on information that all members share
group polarization
the tendency fro groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone
groupthink
tendency for groups to reach a consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony
deindividuation
when immersion in a group causes people to become less concerned with their personal values
diffusion of responsibility
the tendency of individuals to feel diminished responsibility of other actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way
social loafing
the tendency of people to expend less effort when they are in a group than when they are alone
bystander intervention
the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation
altruism
intentional behaviour that benefits another at a potential cost to oneself
kin selection
the process by which evolution selects individuals who cooperate with their relatives
reciprocal altruism
behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future
standards of beauty
body shape - male triangle, female: hourglass
symmetry - bilaterally
age- large eyes, high eyebrows and small chin - female: young, male- mature
homophily
the tendency for people to like others who are similar to themselves
passionate love
an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy and intense sexual attraction
companionate love
experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s well-being
comparison level of alternatives
the cost-benefit ratio that a person believes he or she could attain in another relationship
equity
a state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equally favourable
social cognition
the process by which people come to understand others
category- based inferences
inferences based on information about the categories to which a person belongs
target- based inferences
inferences based on information about an individual’s behaviour
stereotyping
the process of drawing inferences about individuals based on their category membership
stereotype content
based on warmth and competence
categorization leads to …
reduced perceived variability
behavioural confirmation
self fulfilling prophecy
the tendency of targets to behave as observers expect them to behave
stereotype threat
the target’s fear of confirming the observer’s negative stereotypes
perceptual confirmation
the tendency of observers to see what they expect to see
subtyping
the tendency of observers to think of targets who disconfirm stereotypes as “exceptions to the rule”
attributions
inferences about the causes of people’s behaviours
situational attributions
person’s behaviour was caused by some temporary aspect of the situation in which it happened
dispositional attributions
a person’s behaviour was caused by a relatively enduring tendency to think, feel, or act in a particular way
correspondence bias
the tendency to make a dispositional attribution when we should instead make a situational attribution
actor-observer effect
tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviour of others
social influence
the ability to change or direct another person’s behaviour
overjustification effect
when a reward decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a behaviour, less intrinsic motivation (lack of internal reward)
reactance
the unpleasant feeling that arises when people feel they are being coerced, often people do the opposite thing
norms
customary standards for behaviour that are widely shared by members of a culture
norm of reciprocity
an unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them
normative influence
another person’s behaviour provides information about what is appropriate- baby looking at mothers reaction
door in the face technique
an influence strategy that involves getting someone to accept a small request by first getting them to refuse a large request. (I’m pregnant… sike, just a bad grade)
conformity
the tendency to do what others do, and it results in part from normative influence.
obedience
tendency to do what authorities tell us to do
attitude
an enduring positive or negative evaluation of a stimulus
belief
an enduring piece of knowledge about a stimulus
informational influence
another person’s behaviour provides information about what is good or true- a group of people looking up after on person starts
persuasion
a person’s attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person
systematic persuasion
the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason,
logic and reason
heuristic persuasion
the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion
habit and emotion
foot-in-the-door technique
smaller request followed by a larger one
cognitive dissonance
an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs
