CHAPTER 11

Question 1

developmental psychology

Answer 1

the study of continuity and change across the life span,

Question 2

germinal stage

Answer 2

the 2-week period that begins at conception.

Question 3

embryonic stage

Answer 3

a period that starts at about the 2nd week after conception and lasts until about the 8th week (

Question 4

fetal stage

Answer 4

a period that lasts from about the 9th week after conception until birth.

Question 5

myelination

Answer 5

the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron.

Question 6

teratogen

Answer 6

any substance that passes from mother to unborn child and impairs development.

Question 7

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 7

developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

Question 8

infancy

Answer 8

is the stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months,

Question 9

motor development

Answer 9

is the emergence of the ability to execute physical actions

Question 10

motor reflexes

Answer 10

motor responses that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation

Question 11

rooting reflex

Answer 11

moving mouth to things that touch cheek

Question 12

sucking reflexes

Answer 12

suck anything that in their mouth

Question 13

cephalocaudal rule - top to bottom rule

Answer 13

the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet.

Question 14

proximodistal rule - inside-out rule

Answer 14

the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the centre to the periphery.

Question 15

cognitive development

Answer 15

the process by which infants and children gain the ability to think and understand
Piaget suggests they learn: how the physical world works, how their minds work, how other peoples minds work

Question 16

sensorimotor stage

Answer 16

a stage of cognitive development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy.

Question 17

schemas

Answer 17

theories about how the world works

Question 18

assimilation

Answer 18

infants apply their schemas in novel situations.

Question 19

accommodation

Answer 19

infants revise their schemas because new information

Question 20

object permanence

Answer 20

object continues to exist even when not visible

Question 21

childhood

Answer 21

the stage of cognitive development that begins at about 18 to 24 months and lasts until about 11 to 14 years.

Question 22

preoperational stage

Answer 22

the stage of cognitive development that begins at about 2 years and ends at about 6 years, during which children develop a preliminary understanding of the physical world.

Question 23

concrete operation stage

Answer 23

the stage of cognitive development that begins at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years, during which children learn how actions, or operations, can transform the concrete objects of the physical world.

Question 24

conservation

Answer 24

the child’s insight
the understanding that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant, despite changes in the object’s appearance

Question 25

formal operational stage

Answer 25

the final stage of cognitive development that begins around the age of 11, during which children learn to reason about abstract concepts.

Question 26

egocentrism

Answer 26

the failure to understand that the world appears different to different people.

Question 27

theory of mind

Answer 27

understanding that the mind produces representations of the world and that these representations guide behaviour

Question 28

attachment

Answer 28

emotional bond with a primary caregiver

Question 29

attachment styles

Answer 29

secure- may or may not be a distressed but positive return
ambivalent - distressed, negative return
avoidant - not distressed, neutral return
disorganized - no consistent pattern

Question 30

temperament

Answer 30

biologically based pattern of attentional and emotional reactivity

Question 31

internal working model

Answer 31

a set of beliefs about the way relationships work
different attachment styles have different internal working models

Question 32

moral reasoning development- Piaget

Answer 32

realism -> relativism
prescriptions -> principals
outcomes –> intentions

Question 33

pre-conventional stage

Answer 33

a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor

Question 34

conventional stage

Answer 34

a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

Question 35

postconventional stage

Answer 35

a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values.

Question 36

adolescence

Answer 36

the period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11 to 14 years of age) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood

Question 37

puberty

Answer 37

the onset of bodily changes associated with sexual maturity.

Question 38

primary sex characters

Answer 38

bodily structures that change at puberty and are directly involved in reproduction

Question 39

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 39

bodily structures that change at puberty but are not directly involved in reproduction

Question 40

adulthood

Answer 40

the stage of development that begins around 18 to 21 years and lasts for the remainder of life

Question 41

being born with small heads because…

Answer 41

he birth process and allows for adaptation to the social and physical environment after birth.