CHAPTER 11 Flashcards
developmental psychology
the study of continuity and change across the life span,
germinal stage
the 2-week period that begins at conception.
embryonic stage
a period that starts at about the 2nd week after conception and lasts until about the 8th week (
fetal stage
a period that lasts from about the 9th week after conception until birth.
myelination
the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron.
teratogen
any substance that passes from mother to unborn child and impairs development.
fetal alcohol syndrome
developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy
infancy
is the stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months,
motor development
is the emergence of the ability to execute physical actions
motor reflexes
motor responses that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation
rooting reflex
moving mouth to things that touch cheek
sucking reflexes
suck anything that in their mouth
cephalocaudal rule - top to bottom rule
the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet.
proximodistal rule - inside-out rule
the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the centre to the periphery.
cognitive development
the process by which infants and children gain the ability to think and understand
Piaget suggests they learn: how the physical world works, how their minds work, how other peoples minds work
sensorimotor stage
a stage of cognitive development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy.
schemas
theories about how the world works
assimilation
infants apply their schemas in novel situations.
accommodation
infants revise their schemas because new information
object permanence
object continues to exist even when not visible
childhood
the stage of cognitive development that begins at about 18 to 24 months and lasts until about 11 to 14 years.
preoperational stage
the stage of cognitive development that begins at about 2 years and ends at about 6 years, during which children develop a preliminary understanding of the physical world.
concrete operation stage
the stage of cognitive development that begins at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years, during which children learn how actions, or operations, can transform the concrete objects of the physical world.
conservation
the child’s insight
the understanding that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant, despite changes in the object’s appearance
formal operational stage
the final stage of cognitive development that begins around the age of 11, during which children learn to reason about abstract concepts.
egocentrism
the failure to understand that the world appears different to different people.
theory of mind
understanding that the mind produces representations of the world and that these representations guide behaviour
attachment
emotional bond with a primary caregiver
attachment styles
secure- may or may not be a distressed but positive return
ambivalent - distressed, negative return
avoidant - not distressed, neutral return
disorganized - no consistent pattern
temperament
biologically based pattern of attentional and emotional reactivity
internal working model
a set of beliefs about the way relationships work
different attachment styles have different internal working models
moral reasoning development- Piaget
realism -> relativism
prescriptions -> principals
outcomes –> intentions
pre-conventional stage
a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor
conventional stage
a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules
postconventional stage
a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values.
adolescence
the period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11 to 14 years of age) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood
puberty
the onset of bodily changes associated with sexual maturity.
primary sex characters
bodily structures that change at puberty and are directly involved in reproduction
secondary sex characteristics
bodily structures that change at puberty but are not directly involved in reproduction
adulthood
the stage of development that begins around 18 to 21 years and lasts for the remainder of life
being born with small heads because…
he birth process and allows for adaptation to the social and physical environment after birth.
