CHAPTER 12

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

an individual’s characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling.

Question 2

many psychologists attempt to study and explain personality by…

Answer 2

prior events or anticipated events

Question 3

measuring personality

Answer 3

personality inventories and projective techniques

Question 4

self report

Answer 4

a method in which people provide subjective information about their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviours, typically via questionnaire or interview.

Question 5

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)

Answer 5

a well-researched clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems
includes validity scales
338 self descriptive statements to which people answer true or false

Question 6

projective tests

Answer 6

designed to reveal inner aspects of individuals’ personalities by analysis of their responses to a standard series of ambiguous stimuli.
designed to circumvent limitations of self reports

Question 7

Rorschach inkblot tests

Answer 7

a projective technique in which respondents’ inner thoughts and feelings are believed to be revealed by analysis of their responses to a set of unstructured inkblots.

Question 8

thematic apperception tests (TAT)

Answer 8

projective technique in which respondents’ underlying motives and concerns and the way they see the social world are believed to be revealed through analysis of the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people.

Question 9

trait

Answer 9

a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way
doesn’t describe behaviour

Question 10

Hierarchical Structure of Traits

Answer 10

Traits may be organized in a hierarchy in which many specific behavioural tendencies are associated with a higher-order trait

Question 11

the big five

Answer 11

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Question 12

openness to experience

Answer 12

high- imaginative, variety, independent
low- down to earth, routine, conforming

Question 13

conscientiousness

Answer 13

high- organized, careful, self deisiplines
low- disorganized, careless, weak-willed

Question 14

extraversion

Answer 14

high- social, fun loving, affectionate
low- retiring, sober, reserved

Question 15

agreeableness

Answer 15

high- softhearted, trusting, helpful
low- ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative

Question 16

neuroticism

Answer 16

high- worries, insecure, self pitying
low- calm, secure, self- satisfied

Question 17

heritability of Big 5

Answer 17

O- .41
C- .31
E- .36
A- .35
N- .37

Question 18

personality gender categorization

Answer 18

masc- self reliant, defends own beliefs, independent, assertive, forceful
fem- yielding, affectionate, flatterable, sympathetic, sensitive to the needs of others

Question 19

psychodynamic approach

Answer 19

regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness—motives that can produce emotional disorders

Question 20

ID

Answer 20

the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives.

Question 21

superego

Answer 21

the mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority.

Question 22

ego

Answer 22

the component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life’s practical demands.

Question 23

defence mechanisms term

Answer 23

unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce the anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses

Question 24

defence mechanisms

Answer 24

repression
rationalization
reaction formation
projection
regression
displacement
identification
sublimation

Question 25

sublimation

Answer 25

unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable activities- sports

Question 26

identification

Answer 26

dealing with threats by copying the stong ones- a bullied kid becoming a bully

Question 27

displacement

Answer 27

unacceptable ishes/drives into neutral/less threatening alternative - slamming a door

Question 28

regression

Answer 28

reverting to an earlier stage of developemnt- baby talk

Question 29

projection

Answer 29

judging others as liars when you yourself are dishonest

Question 30

reaction formation

Answer 30

inner fantasies replaces with exaggerated opposite version- being mean to crush

Question 31

rationalization

Answer 31

dropping a class for an alleged reason

Question 32

repression

Answer 32

motivated forgetting

Question 33

freud’s psychosexual stages

Answer 33

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 34

self actualizing tendency

Answer 34

the human motive towards realizing our inner potential,

Question 35

existential approach

Answer 35

a school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual’s ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death.

Question 36

social cognitive approach

Answer 36

views personality in terms of how a person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them.

Question 37

person situation controversy

Answer 37

the question of whether behaviour is caused more by personality or by situational factors.

Question 38

personal constructs

Answer 38

dimension people use in making sense of their experiences

Question 39

outcome expectancies

Answer 39

a person’s assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behaviour

Question 40

locus of control

Answer 40

a person’s tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment,

Question 41

self concept

Answer 41

a person’s explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviours, traits, and other personal characteristics.

Question 42

self schemas

Answer 42

sets of traits we use to define ourselves

Question 43

self-verification

Answer 43

the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept,

Question 44

self- esteem

Answer 44

the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self.

Question 45

self-serving bias

Answer 45

people tend to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures.

Question 46

narcissism

Answer 46

a grandiose view of the self, combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others
extreme is considered a personality disorder