Chapter 15

Question 1

The 4 D’s

Answer 1

Used to diagnose, evaluate behaviour:
- Deviance; uncommon/unacceptable in society
- Distress; Negative feelings of self or others
- Dysfunction; maladaptive behavior interfering with function
- Danger; Dangerous/violent behavior

Question 2

DSM-5

Answer 2

Specifies criteria fro deciding what is a disorder and what not. Even though disorders are vague, it’s needed to communicate and eg insurence

Question 3

Main critique

Answer 3

Alsways represents human judgement. Can never by scientificly proved.

Question 4

Reliability and validity

Answer 4

Reliable; Must be diagnosed the same by different doctors. DSM-5 tries this by defying as objectively as possible with straightforward questions
Validity; extent to which categories are useful/meaningful for clinicians. Can it predict outcome, Do people suffer in similar ways, from similar causes, does it help in deciding effective treatment etc.

Question 5

Dangers in labeling

Answer 5

Stigmatizing; effecting others view of that person and own self esteem
Blinding effect on clinicians/others on qualities that are not included in the label.

Question 6

Countering those dangers

Answer 6

Not calling someone based on the label, but adding it as the ‘disease’ it is. John has schizophrenia, not John is a schizophrenic. Subtle reminder that it is a person and not just a disorder.

Question 7

Cross cultural differences

Answer 7

Seen in EG anorexia, which rose in Western countries in the 1970s due to ideal view of female body. Non-Western cultures had near to no cases due to absence of such media
Also cultural values, like homosexuals