Chapter 14: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

cerebrum

A

largest section of the human brain

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2
Q

cerebral cortex

A

controls thinking, analysis, association of ideas, judgement, emotions, memory, interprets sensory info, voluntary muscle movement, balance

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3
Q

brainstem

A

controls HR, breathing, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, closing/opening of blood vessels

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4
Q

cranial nerves

A

some bring info from sense organs to brain; some control muscles; others are connected to glands/organs
12 pairs

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5
Q

spinal nerves

A

used to communicated w/ most of the body
31 pairs

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6
Q

sclera

A

outer part of the eye; appears white

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7
Q

cornea

A

clear part that lies over the iris

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8
Q

retina

A

back of the eye; responds to light and sends info to brain where the image is interpreted

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9
Q

outer ear (auricle, pinna)

A

guides sound waves into the auditory canal

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10
Q

what is the eardrum called

A

tympanic membrane

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11
Q

what does the middle ear contain

A

eustachian tube and 3 ossicles

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12
Q

inner ear

A

contains fluid that carries sound waves from the middle ear to the auditory nerve; helps maintain balance

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13
Q

CVA

A

when blood supply to the brain is blocked or a blood vessel leaks or ruptures in the brain
effects: paralysis, weakness, inability to speak or understand words, trouble swallowing, loss of bowel/bladder control
Treatment: need ROM exercises

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14
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

progressive, incurable disease that causes a section of the brain to degenerate
cause: breakdown of dopamine neurotransmitters
effects: stiffening of muscles, stooped posture, shuffling gait, pill-rolling
S/S: tremors, slurred speech, soft monotoned voice
notes: fall-risk, ROM to prevent contractures

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15
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

progressive disease where the myelin sheaths and white matter of the brain breaks down
S/S: blurred vision, fatigue, tremors, poor balance, trouble walking, weakness, numbness, tingling, incontinence
effects: blindness, contractures, loss of arm and leg function

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16
Q

contusion

17
Q

hematoma

A

bleeding in the brain that forms a clot

18
Q

paresis

A

loss of muscle function in 1 part of the body

19
Q

paraplegia

A

loss of function of the lower body and legs

20
Q

quadriplegia

A

loss of function in the legs, trunk, and arms

21
Q

how do you prevent UTIs in pts with head and spinal cord injuries

A

high intake of fluids

22
Q

dementia

A

serious loss of mental abilities such as thinking, remembering, reasoning, communication
causes: Alzheimer’s, Multi-Infarct/vascular detention, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s disease

23
Q

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

A

progressive, degenerative, irreversible disease that causes tangled nerve fibers and protein deposits to form in the brain
S/S: memory loss; disoriented; confusion; loss of ability to read, write, speak, or understand

24
Q

sundowning

A

wandering and agitation in the late afternoon and evening
alzheimer pts

25
perseverating
pt who repeats words, phrases, ?s, or activities over and over again
26
cataract
when the lends of the eye becomes cloudy, prevents light from entering the eye
27
glaucoma
intraocular pressure increases which damages the retina and the optic nerve effects: blindness S/S; severe pain, N/V, blurred vision, tunnel vision, blue-green halo s around lights
28
diabetic retinopathy
complication of diabetes caused by damage to the retina S/S: spots, blurred vision, difficulty seeing well @ night effect: potentially blindness risk factors: mismanaged diabetes, high BP, high cholesterol, tobacco use treatment: laser treatment, surgery, injection of meds in the eye
29
age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
condition that usually affects older adults; the macula gradually deteriorates to eventually cause vision loss and the inability to recognize faces, drive, read, and write (doesn't affect peripheral vision) S/S: dark/blurred areas in center of vision, objects appear less bright 2 types: wet and dry; dry is more common risk factors: age, smoking, gender, race (white more likely), family history treatment: zinc and antioxidants may slow dry AMD, injections and laser surgery for wet AMD
30
presbycusis
age-related hearing loss; happens as the bones of the middle ear harden (conductive hearing loss)
31
sensorineural hearing loss
cochlea is damaged
32
tympanostomy tubes
small tubes that improve air flow to treat conductive hearing loss
33
cochlear implant
used to treat sensorineural hearing loss