Chapter 14: Nervous System

Question 1

cerebrum

Answer 1

largest section of the human brain

Question 2

cerebral cortex

Answer 2

controls thinking, analysis, association of ideas, judgement, emotions, memory, interprets sensory info, voluntary muscle movement, balance

Question 3

brainstem

Answer 3

controls HR, breathing, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, closing/opening of blood vessels

Question 4

cranial nerves

Answer 4

some bring info from sense organs to brain; some control muscles; others are connected to glands/organs
12 pairs

Question 5

spinal nerves

Answer 5

used to communicated w/ most of the body
31 pairs

Question 6

sclera

Answer 6

outer part of the eye; appears white

Question 7

cornea

Answer 7

clear part that lies over the iris

Question 8

retina

Answer 8

back of the eye; responds to light and sends info to brain where the image is interpreted

Question 9

outer ear (auricle, pinna)

Answer 9

guides sound waves into the auditory canal

Question 10

what is the eardrum called

Answer 10

tympanic membrane

Question 11

what does the middle ear contain

Answer 11

eustachian tube and 3 ossicles

Question 12

inner ear

Answer 12

contains fluid that carries sound waves from the middle ear to the auditory nerve; helps maintain balance

Question 13

CVA

Answer 13

when blood supply to the brain is blocked or a blood vessel leaks or ruptures in the brain
effects: paralysis, weakness, inability to speak or understand words, trouble swallowing, loss of bowel/bladder control
notes: need ROM exercises

Question 14

parkinson’s disease

Answer 14

progressive, incurable disease that causes a section of the brain to degenerate
cause: breakdown of dopamine neurotransmitters
effects: stiffening of muscles, stooped posture, shuffling gait, pill-rolling
S/S: tremors, slurred speech, soft monotoned voice
notes: fall-risk, ROM to prevent contractures

Question 15

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Answer 15

progressive disease where the myelin sheaths and white matter of the brain breaks down
S/S: blurred vision, fatigue, tremors, poor balance, trouble walking, weakness, numbness, tingling, incontinence
effects: blindness, contractures, loss of arm and leg function

Question 16

contusion

Answer 16

bruise

Question 17

hematoma

Answer 17

bleeding in the brain that forms a clot

Question 18

paresis

Answer 18

loss of muscle function in 1 part of the body

Question 19

paraplegia

Answer 19

loss of function of the lower body and legs

Question 20

quadriplegia

Answer 20

loss of function in the legs, trunk, and arms

Question 21

how do you prevent UTIs in pts with head and spinal cord injuries

Answer 21

high intake of fluids

Question 22

dementia

Answer 22

serious loss of mental abilities such as thinking, remembering, reasoning, communication
causes: Alzheimer’s, Multi-Infarct/vascular detention, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s disease

Question 23

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

Answer 23

progressive, degenerative, irreversible disease that causes tangled nerve fibers and protein deposits to form in the brain
S/S: memory loss; disoriented; confusion; loss of ability to read, write, speak, or understand

Question 24

sundowning

Answer 24

wandering and agitation in the late afternoon and evening
alzheimer pts

Question 25

perseverating

Answer 25

pt who repeats words, phrases, ?s, or activities over and over again

Question 26

cataract

Answer 26

when the lends of the eye becomes cloudy, prevents light from entering the eye

Question 27

glaucoma

Answer 27

intraocular pressure increases which damages the retina and the optic nerve
effects: blindness
S/S; severe pain, N/V, blurred vision, tunnel vision, blue-green halo s around lights

Question 28

diabetic retinopathy

Answer 28

complication of diabetes caused by damage to the retina
S/S: spots, blurred vision, difficulty seeing well @ night
effect: potentially blindness
risk factors: mismanaged diabetes, high BP, high cholesterol, tobacco use
treatment: laser treatment, surgery, injection of meds in the eye

Question 29

age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

Answer 29

condition that usually affects older adults; the macula gradually deteriorates to eventually cause vision loss and the inability to recognize faces, drive, read, and write (doesn’t affect peripheral vision)
S/S: dark/blurred areas in center of vision, objects appear less bright
2 types: wet and dry; dry is more common
risk factors: age, smoking, gender, race (white more likely), family history
treatment: zinc and antioxidants may slow dry AMD, injections and laser surgery for wet AMD

Question 30

presbycusis

Answer 30

age-related hearing loss; happens as the bones of the middle ear harden (conductive hearing loss)

Question 31

sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 31

cochlea is damaged

Question 32

tympanostomy tubes

Answer 32

small tubes that improve air flow to treat conductive hearing loss

Question 33

cochlear implant

Answer 33

used to treat sensorineural hearing loss