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TEAS > Chapter 14-Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 14-Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

rostral

A

toward the forehead

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2
Q

caudal

A

toward the feet

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3
Q

3 major regions of the brain

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem

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4
Q

cerebrum

A

83% of brain volume

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5
Q

cerebellum

A

50% of neurons

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6
Q

longitidunal fissure

A

separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres

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7
Q

cortex

A

surface layer of grey matter

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8
Q

gyri

A

folds, increase the surface area for gray matter

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9
Q

sulci

A

grooves

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10
Q

nuclei

A

bundles of grey matter in CNS

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11
Q

tracts

A

bundles of axons (white matter) in CNS

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12
Q

What are the meninges of the brain?

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pita mater

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13
Q

dura mater

A

outermost tough membrane, 2 layers
-outer periosteal layer
-inner meningeal layer

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14
Q

falx cerebr.

A

separates left and right halves of cerebrum

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15
Q

falx cerebelli

A

separates left and right halves of cerebellum

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16
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

separates cerebellum from cerebrum

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17
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges
bacterial and viral invasion of the CNS
high fevers, stiff neck, drowsiness, intense headache

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18
Q

lateral ventricles

A

found inside cerebral hemispheres
2
-interventricular foramen

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19
Q

third ventricle

A

single vertical space under corpus callosum
-cerebral aqueduct

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20
Q

fourth ventricle

A
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21
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

clear liquid that fills ventricles, forms by filtration of blood through choroid plexus
-functions include buoyancy, protection, chemical stability

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22
Q

hydrocephalus

A

abnormal accumulation of CSF

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23
Q

blood brain barrier

A

tightly joined endothelium of blood capillaries

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24
Q

blood CSF barrier

A

at choroid plexus, ependymal cells joined by tight junctions

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25
Q

What materials can pass through the blood brain barrier?

A

lipid soluble materials

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26
Q

Hindbrain: Medulla oblongata

A

primitive brain, spinal cord
1. cardiac center-adjusts rate and force of heartbeat
2. vasomotor center- adjusts blood vessel diameter
3. respiratory centers
4. reflex centers

27
Q

pons

A

ascending sensory tracts
descending motor tracts
nuclei concerned w/ sleep, hearing, balance, respiration

28
Q

midbrain

A

eye movement
cerebral aqueduct

29
Q

Major regions of the midbrain

A
  1. cerebral peduncles
  2. tegmentum- connects to cerebellum and helps control fine movement
  3. substantia nigra- motor center relays inhibitory signals to the thalamus and basal ganglia (degeneration can lead to tremors and Parkinson)
  4. central gray matter
  5. tectum- nuclei that track moving objects, reflex turning of head to sound
30
Q

reticular formation

A

scattered throughout all areas of the brainstem
1. motor control-balance and posture
2. central pattern generators
3. cardiovascular control
4. pain
5. regulates sleep and conscious attention

31
Q

cerebellum

A

muscular coordination
equilibrium
connected to brainstem through peduncles
granule cells

32
Q

thalamus

A

apart of diencephalon
gateway to cerebral cortex
-receives nearly all sensory information
-emotional and memory functions

33
Q

hypothalamus “i feel”

A

major control center for ANS and endocrine
- hormone secretion
-food and water intake
-emotional behavior
-thermoregulation

34
Q

epithalamus

A

pineal gland-secretes melatonin
habenula- connects limbic system to midbrain

35
Q

cerebrum

A

contains the lobes

36
Q

frontal lobe

A

planning
mood
personality

37
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory reception

38
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual center of brain

39
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, learning, emotional behavior

40
Q

projection tracts

A

from brain to spinal cord

41
Q

association tracts

A

connect different regions of the same hemisphere

42
Q

commisural tracts

A

cross one hemisphere to another
-in cerebrum

43
Q

cerebral cortex

A

40% of brain
-stellate cells receive sensory info and process info, have dendrites projecting in all directions
-pyramid cells have an axon that passes out of the area

44
Q

limbic system

A

contain amgydala which is responsible for emotions
and hippocampus which is responsible for memory

45
Q

EEG

A

monitors electrical activity of brain waves

46
Q

alpha waves

A

awake and resting with eyes closed, mind wandering
8-13 hz

47
Q

beta waves

A

14-30 hz
eyes open and performing mental tasks

48
Q

theta wave

A

4-7 hz
drowsy or sleeping adults

49
Q

delta waves

A

<3.5 hz
deep sleep in adults
can indicate serious brain damage in awake adults

50
Q

sleep

A

cycle of circadian rhythms

51
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

biological clock to set our circadian rhythm of sleep and waking

52
Q

non rem

A

stage 1- drifting sensation, claim to not be sleeping
stage 2- still easily aroused, EEG is more irregular
stage 3- vital signs change, bp and breathing rates drop
stage 4- deep sleep

53
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movements under the eyelids
occurs about 5 times a night

54
Q

cognition

A

mental processes such as awareness, perception, thinking, and knowledge

55
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

can not store new data

56
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

can not remember old data

57
Q

hippocampus

A

organizes info into a memory

58
Q

cerebellum

A

helps learn motor skills

59
Q

What controls how emotions are expressed?

A

prefrontal cortex formed by hypothalamus and amygdala

60
Q

somesthetic

A

receptors for pain, touch, pressure, heat

61
Q

special senses

A

vision, hearing

62
Q

wernickes area

A

permits recognition of spoken and written language

63
Q

brocas area

A

-generates motor program for larynx, tongue, cheeks, lips

64
Q

aphasia

A

language deficit resulting from lesion in wernickes area

TEAS (16 decks)

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